Increase Petrol Price

Bad traffic and increasing pollution are thorny issues challenging every major city in the globe. To combat such problems, government encourages companies to mark up gas price in an effort to decrease car use and cut down waste gas. However it may temporarily alleviate the problem, but is doubtfully the optimal solution. First of all, consumers and economy would be victimized by such measures. The number of cars in a country directly depends on the proportion of the population affluent enough to own cars.As a result, raises in gas price could invoke hard feelings among this segment of people but would not drastically change their behavior in using cars. Even if the number of cars on road is reduced due to higher gas cost, this is not the best way to solve traffic problems. Such policy would hurt the auto industry, place higher costs on current and prospect car owners, and undermine the economy of a nation. In the long run, the final way out could be the construction of better roads a nd more effective use of available transport facilities.Secondly, there is evidence that waste gas from cars is not the leading cause of air pollution. The culprit may be the discharge of polluting substances into the atmosphere due to the rapidly growing manufacturing industry. As a result, reduction of the number of cars would not return us a blue sky and fresh air. We could better handle this problem if we could increase control over industrial waste discharge and adopt more environmental friendly materials and production equipment. Finally, other measures like the application of cheaper and cleaner energy resources could also be a better solution.For example, we now have the ability to make cell-powered or even solar-powered cars. Such energy is completely clean and plentiful. However we still have a very long way to go to turn such technologically possible into afford able and practical products. To conclude, it is not the best way to control traffic and pollution by increasing gas price because such action will hurt consumers and economy without achieving what it is aimed for. Measures such as construction of better transport facilities and development of new energy resources could be more effective solutions.

Fantasy Football: Persuasive Essay Essay

Fantasy Football is one of my favorite hobbies and I think you will enjoy it to. I’ve been playing Fantasy Football for the last 7 years and I enjoy it more every year. The main reasons I love playing Fantasy Football are that it gets me to watch and enjoy games I usually wouldn’t watch, it makes games more exciting, and it’s a great way to bring friends together. In Fantasy Football you draft a team of players from any team in the National Football League. Since you will have a Fantasy team of players spread across many teams, you now have a vested interest in watching games that you usually would not watch. I have watched a multitude of games over the years that would not have really interested me if I did not have one of my fantasy players in the game. You may even have a player on a team you usually do not like to see win, but Fantasy Football can change your allegiance quickly! In Fantasy Football the players on your team score points by accumulating yardage, scoring touchdowns, kicking field goals, creating turnovers, etc. The can make a typically boring game that is being dominated by one team more exciting. The players on your fantasy team can still score points for you even when their team is being beaten handily. When a game may seem all but over, you may still be cheering on one of your players to run for just a few more yards or score one more touchdown. I have stayed up to watch the end of a â€Å"blow out† game many times just to see if my fantasy players could score a few more points for my team. Fantasy Football is fun by itself, but it is even more fun when you have a league with several of your good friends, co-workers, and or family members. Many leagues have draft parties to select their teams. Everyone will gather at someone’s house or local establishment to eat, drink, and select their fantasy team. These parties can be a lot of fun and it always fun to do a little â€Å"smack talking† about each other’s teams. Throughout the year you will face off with these same friends in weekly fantasy games. If your team prevails you will have some bragging rights over your friends. If you already enjoy football or would like to learn more about football, Fantasy Football can be a very fun and rewarding hobby. Fantasy Football

Lyndon Johnson’s War Book Review

Book Review Lyndon Johnsons War Review The Vietnam War involved many decisions and outcomes, many of which have latter been reviewed with more uncertainty then confidence. With this Michael Hunt, the author uses both American and Vietnamese resources, some which before the book were never heard from. He uses these sources to try to explain how the United States of America was sucked into involvement with Southeast Asia.The overall conclusion of the book does not bring to many new views on why the United States involved itself with the issues of Vietnam but more confirms already believed views that they began in the conflict with comprehension of Vietnam’s problem other than the issue of the cold war. The preface, Hunt expresses how his early beliefs on Vietnam were molded by books he had read including Lederer and Burdick's The Ugly American, Fall's Street without Joy, and Greene's The Quiet American.He talks of living with his family in Saigon for the summer in the 1960s. His father worked with the U. S. military mission, to revamp the simple idea of Americans as â€Å"innocent moral crusaders†) in which was done outside of and in blindness to the actual Vietnamese history and culture. Hunt begins with an extensive look at the America’s view and movement on to the Cold War. In Chapter One, â€Å"The Cold War World of The Ugly American,† he reviews the United States' indifference to the problems Vietnam while centering on a more international inference.That makes Ho Chi Minh with the seem to be more a communist instead of a patriot and which in turn led initially to help the French colonialism in the area, then to the support of anticommunist leaders, an move that attracted the United States to the issue. Hunt then blames Eisenhower administration's views, which gave a † †¦ simple picture of Asians as either easily educable friends or implacable communist foes† (p. 17). The second Chapter, the author looks at Ho Chi Minh and why he was so well liked among the Vietnamese.Though not forgetting his communist background, Hunt makes the argument that Ho was more of a practical person who would, to better the Vietnamese, use any way possible. Eisenhower’s administration refused to accept this kind of sweeping nationalism which â€Å"†¦ left nationalism starkly at odds with communism and could make no sense of politically engaged intellectuals as ready to rally against American as they had against French domination† (p. 41).Hunt hold back some of his not so found thoughts for the Kennedy administration who aided making Vietnam as a not declared war while the United States started to be more involved in the 1960s. In the chapter â€Å"Learned Academics on the Potomac† he examines people such as Robert McNamara, Dean Rusk, McGeorge Bundy, and John F. Kennedy himself in light of their ongoing outlook and the issues of Southeast Asia coming from the administration beforehand.Hunt s’ main reasoning for the sole responsibility of United States militarily involvement in Vietnam is in the title itself. In the chapter â€Å"That bitch of a war† near the end of in the book, which is quoting Lyndon Johnson, the author blames the true reason for the war to be Johnson’s fault. Though what we learned previously throughout the book helped set the spark of the war, Johnson overlooked many chances to extinguish the problems.Hunt states that Johnson â€Å"imagined a moral landscape† in Vietnam while using drawing from unrelated experiences from his time spent in Congress and the Texas Hill Country create plan of stability in Saigon. An example from the chapter â€Å"How distant Johnson's Vietnam was from the real thing and how close to his own American experience is evident in his constant injunction to his Vietnamese allies to act like proper leaders–by which he meant helping constituents, showering benefits on them, and getting out fo r some serious handshaking† (p. 7). The ending chapter, â€Å"How Heavy the Reckoning,† Hunt looks at the United States' departure from the war and the outcomes of that conflict on the American mind. Hunt takes the U. S. relationship with Vietnam all the way into the early 1990s, when a relationship was planned don being rebuilt by President Clinton. With the American involvement still happening, He uses an analogy by referring to American involvement as â€Å"only a flesh wound† (p. 125).

Deming points Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Deming points - Essay Example Additionally, this physics doctorate holder also devised the phrases of assignable-cause followed by variation in chance-cause (Deming 80). Shewhart is also credited with coming up with the concept of statistical control that is a fundamental technique in designed experiments. Furthermore, he used mathematical statistical theories in order to comprehend data drawn from physical processes instead of producing a normal distribution curve. Therefore, there are several Deming points that assist in the management philosophy. However, in this case it is essential to study one and understand how it brought benefits to one of the group members (Deming 79). Therefore, in this instance, I think the promotion of education has brought numerous benefits especially when compared to the experience at Indiana State University. For example, it has enabled workers in gaining additional skills and expertise of handling matters. These include the arising challenges of modernity in the management world that are controlled by technology. Another importance of promotion of education is the ability to gain in terms of analytical thinking and memory of pertinent issues in the management field. After the interview concerning the 14 points of Deming, the following points were highlighted as the direct benefits in solving situations (Deming 81). For example, the use of purpose to guide most objectives has been beneficial in terms ensuring the objectives of management are met. Similarly, the constant review of processes helps in the improvement of different areas of management. This is in terms of understanding of employees and motivating them to perform in their respective duties. Alternatively, the working of various departments as a team helps in the completion of tasks in good time. On the other hand, politicians are conducting promotions on the basis of merit which

German class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

German class - Essay Example It is a good idea to have separate memorials for each the affected groups at the same place with same treatments to show respect to all human kinds. Having the underground place of information was a good idea because it would help to house million of books between the interior made of patterned black steel and glass interior side. This would make it easy have works that various scholars would consult if need being. As the title suggests the memorial is for the â€Å"murdered Jews of Europe’’. In real sense, this has technically excluded those who were tortured in the camps or those who died of various diseases after living in poor conditions. The best title that can be used to have all the persecuted groups represented equally would be â€Å"The Jewish Holocaust Museum Berlin’’. In Washington, DC the holocaust Museum was constructed to help leaders and citizens of the world to confront hatred, prevent genocide, and promote human dignity and to strengthen democracy. National monument for the victims of slavery and genocide would only represent a few sections of those who underwent various persecutions at that

No Smoking Ban and Constitutional Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

No Smoking Ban and Constitutional Rights - Essay Example ate Health & Welfare Department because of her being a smoker notwithstanding the fact that she is well qualified for the position she was applying for. The refusal of the said department to hire her was because of the law enacted by the State that no employees shall be hired as state employees; (2) The issues involved must be riped for adjudication (Warth vs. Seldin, 1975). That is, the questioned law must have effected an adverse effect on the person challenging it that there it has warrant the intervention of the judiciary; (3) The plaintiff must have a legal standing. This is when the plaintiff has a personal and substantial interest in the current case such that he has sustained direct or actual injury due to the enforcement of the subject law, that there is a sufficient connection between the action of the government and the injury sustained by the plaintiff or that the plaintiff does not bring the case for general purpose or to represent a third party (Flast vs. Cohen, 1968). Clearly, Candice suffered injury for being rejected to become a state employee despite her qualifications; and (4) The question of Constitutionality must be raised at the earliest possible opportunity or it must pass mootness test (The Free Dictionary; Warth vs. Seldin, 1975). If the case shows that the issues involved are only hypothetical or dead, the court will preclude itself from addressing the issues since the â€Å"alleged injury† is no longer or has never existed. In the instant case, should the case has been brought right after Candice was rejected to become a state employee and while she is still a smoker, the case can be considered to have been brought in time and therefore meets the last requisite. In this instance, all the requisites before a court may review a law and declare it to be unconstitutional or in violation of a fundamental right are present in the case at hand. Moreover, the test used was appropriate since the case questions the validity of a law and the test was

Jaws Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jaws - Case Study Example C. jacchus and C. pygmaea exhibit longer masseter and temporalis muscles. They also have higher fiber to muscle mass ratio. They have a greater excursion potential of distal tendons hence the muscle can stretch further. The more fibres in C. Jacchus and C. Pygmaea lead to wider jaw gapes and hence can offer more power during gouging (Campbell 25). They also have shorter angle of pinnation, larger PCSA as well as a smaller proportion of tendons. S. Oedipus has a greater tendon proportion as compared to common marmoset masseter. Hence, S.oedipus has a lower muscle excursion and a lower contraction velocity leading to shorter stretching and hence smaller gapes. It also has a greater pinnation angle and a smaller PCSA. They, therefore, produce a smaller biting force as compared to C. jacchus and C. pygmaea. (Garber, Estrada, Heymann and Strier 208). Burrows and Nash (10), explains that the lateral pterygoid muscle in C. pygmaea and C. jacchus gives them a wider gape. They also found no difference in the anteroposterior ratios of both species. There is little to suggest that these mammals have undergone a reorganisation of the structures of the soft tissue. Kilgore et al (11) suggest that C. pygmaea, C. jacchus and S. oedipus have evolved significantly to adapt to their mode of feeding. Both the new literature cited and the course work books agree that C. pygmaea and C. jacchus are able to have a wider jaw gapes than S. oedipus. This has influenced their feeding habits as well as their diet. C. pygmaea and C. jacchus have a long mandible that enable it produce a stronger bite as the masseter and temporalis are longer as compared to the latter’s shorter that are short (Lord 56). Future clinical investigations should aim to establish whether muscles have an optimal length that, therefore, produces optimal biting force. Also, investigations should look into the positions of the stretched

Strategic Management of Health Care Organizations Essay - 2

Strategic Management of Health Care Organizations - Essay Example o not use adaptive strategies to increase profits; they can use them to insure and increase future funding, program effectiveness, and client satisfaction (McNamara, 2007). However, are formal program evaluations necessary in organizations funded by federal and state resources? According to Milstein and Wetterhall (1999), evaluations are â€Å"essential†, despite that fact they are not preformed a regular basis. McNamara (2007) seems to agree with Milstein and Wetterhall and discusses myths of program evaluation and suggests these myths have caused a reduction in program evaluations. The first myth addresses the thought of too much â€Å"useless data† (McNamara, 2007). Often there uncertainties in what program information is necessary for an effective evaluation and useless information is collected (McNamara, 2007). However, during program planning, evaluation methods can be determined to avoid uncertainties and aid in a continual process of program evaluation by using outcome measures. The information gained using outcomes can assist in determining adaptive strategies for the organization (Ginter et al., 2002 and McNamara, 2007). For example, if an organization provides transportation for clients and outcome measures indicate that many clients are not able to use this program due to space limitation, the organization may consider expanding the scope of their transportation program. The second myth is the success and failure of a program (McNamara, 2007). Many individuals look at program evaluation as black and white, either right or wrong. On the contrary, effective program evaluation methods assist in identifying the strengths and weakness of a program. Evaluations can assist the organization in troubleshooting the weaknesses and strengthening the overall program. Using the previous example, the evaluation allowed the organization to see strengths and weakness in the transportation program. The community took advantage of the transportation program (strength)

INNOVATION AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

INNOVATION AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT - Essay Example For example, Apple Inc was on the verge of destruction in the 80’s and 90’s because of the huge competition from arch rival Microsoft. However, the company was able to introduce some innovative products such as iPhone, iPad, iPod, etc at the beginning of 2000. The rest is history now. Apple Inc. is currently the most valuable technology company in the world and they are the second largest in terms of market capitalization. According to Rigby et al, (2009, p.2), â€Å"innovation is both a vaccine against market slowdowns and an elixir that rejuvenates growth†. On the other hand knowledge management (KM) is the process of discovering, developing, utilizing, delivering, and absorbing knowledge inside and outside the organization. The aim of KM is to meet current and future needs of an organization (Poorebrahimi et al., 2012). As in the case of innovation, the ultimate aim of KM is to improve the competitive power of an organization. If knowledge is the raw material, data will be the finished good for an organization. If data are the building blocks, then knowledge is the finished house. In short, knowledge management is extremely important for an organization. This paper analyses the importance of innovation and knowledge management in improving the competitive power of modern organizations. ... These phones are modifications of Samsung’s previous smartphone; Galaxy S2. In other words, S3 and S4 can be described as examples for incremental innovation. On the other hand, Apple has introduced world’s first touchscreen phone (iPhone) at the beginning of 2000. No other phones available in the market had touchscreen technology at that time. Therefore, iPhone can be described as an example for radical innovation. â€Å"Incremental innovation modestly improves a firm’s products or processes or fine-tunes its business model. Radical innovation significantly improves existing products and services or replaces them with new ones† (Susman et al., 2006, p.16). Radical innovation occurs less frequently than incremental innovation since radical innovation is an expensive act compared to incremental innovation. There are two types of organizations in the market; leaders and followers. Leaders always develop innovative and new products whereas followers try to im itate those products. For example Apple was the first one who innovated the touchscreen phone. Samsung, Sony, Nokia and many other mobile manufacturers followed the path of Apple after watching the success of iPhone. According to Tellis et al (2009), radical innovation is crucial to the growth of firms and economies. Both radical and incremental innovations are necessary for an organization to sustain its competitive power. However, radical innovation seems to be more effective in improving the competitive power of an organization. According to Rubera, & Kirca (2012), radical innovation is more effective than incremental innovation. For example, Microsoft is one company which introduces many innovative products such as Windows XP, Windows 7 and Windows

Events Management_Evaluate the current level of understanding of Essay

Events Management_Evaluate the current level of understanding of Events Impact and Events Stakeholder Management and how it int - Essay Example Conversely, changing circumstances in each of the phases may require the events coordinator to re-visit previously completed duties. Stakeholders The complicated business environment compels event organisers to create relations with numerous stakeholders. These stakeholders each have their own desires, positions, and expectations, and businesses are confronted with stakeholder reputation risk if these requirements and expectations are not adequately addressed. Stakeholders can bring threats as well as opportunities for businesses. For example, if an organisation is well respected, stakeholders may give it more latitude to function. Conversely, a bad or lacklustre reputation can cause stakeholders to pass rules that make it harder for the organisation to carry out basic functions. Knowledge, reflection, and a basic comprehension of the desires of the organisation’s stakeholders and the reputation management procedures will profit any institution, in spite of its size or stature . There is no company that does not have stakeholders. The term ‘stakeholder’ refers to any individual or group that can somehow influence or is influenced by an institution’s actions, behaviour and performance. ... It is such reactions that are important. The positive reaction of consumers is crucial as it allows the institution to be able to depend on the consumers when it requires some financial assistance. The word ‘stakeholder management’ defines the execution and development of organisational strategies, along with practices that take into account the objectives of the institution’s stakeholders. Stakeholder Management also includes discussion, process generation, and relationship formation that occur between a business and its numerous stakeholders. Any of the stakeholders can negatively or positively affect a business’s reputation, and therefore require varied strategies to balance the situation. Research studies in the past have proven that there is much that institutions can do to constructively cater to the needs of stakeholders (McKercher, 2006). The supervision of, and relations with stakeholders require careful attention if a firm wishes to make the most of its chances, while diminishing any existing threats when handling their stakeholders. Research studies have shown that when a business initiates relationships with important stakeholders, it actually saves on future expenses by eliminating litigation costs, boycotts, pressure campaigns, or even lost income as a result of bad relationships. Good relations with workers also increase the probability that they will be contented with the business as well as their jobs (Jones, 2005). This makes them more likely endorse organisational practices while avoiding interferences in company policies. The assessment of relationships includes a two-way communication procedure with the outcome, whether positive or negative, affecting both

The Function and Role of Research for the Health and Social Care Sector Essay Example for Free

The Function and Role of Research for the Health and Social Care Sector Essay The term research is defined as an active, thorough and systematic process of enquiry that is aimed at discovering, interpreting and revising facts. It is defined by Lancaster (1975) as â€Å"a planned, systematic search for information, for the purpose of increasing the total of man’s knowledge†. It is described by Polit and Beck (2004) as being systematic enquiry. They write that â€Å"the ultimate goal of research is to develop, refine and expand a body of knowledge†. The importance of carrying out research is to further knowledge, enhance understanding and to assess effectiveness. The word research itself derives from the French language and when translated literally means â€Å"to investigate thoroughly†. In the Health and Social Care sector research is important. It has various purposes, roles and value within Health and Social Care. As today’s society is an information-driven one nearly all decisions made regarding policies and practices require deliberation and evaluation of the evidence base. This basically means that health and social care professionals are no longer able to rely solely on just theoretical knowledge. This is where research comes into practice. In social care today organisations are expected to be research-minded. This means that research must be carried out, which can be done in a variety of forms. In the Health and Social Care sector research has many purposes. The main purposes of research are to confirm policy, confirm practice, to disprove propositions, to extend knowledge and understanding and to improve practice. All service providers need information about the needs of a community, or group of people before it can be decided what resources and services are required to meet this need. Therefore research is required. By carrying out research in health and social care practice can be improved and knowledge extended. Once research is published and is made available to health and social care practitioners the findings can be used to improve services in such a way that service providers are able to carry out their duties more profoundly. For example, research regarding the spread of MRSA led to initiatives being put in place to change practice. In the example of public health implementations, research is very important. In health and social care settings research can also be used to monitor progress. This is a vital role of research. If a health care initiative was put in place e. g. ante-natal care, research allows service providers to perceive its uptake, and based on this research may allow for initiatives to be put in place to increase participation. Without monitoring there is no way of knowing if an initiative is useful to service users or not.

Historical chronology Essay Example for Free

Historical chronology Essay 1. Although New England and the Chesapeake region were both settled largely by people of English origin, by 1700 the regions had evolved into two distinct societies. Why did this difference in development occur? (1993) 2. In what ways did ideas and values held by Puritans influence the political, economic, and social development of the New England colonies from 1630 through the 1660s? (2010) 3. In what ways did the French and Indian War (1754-63) alter the political, economic and ideological relations between Britain and its American colonies? (2004) 4. To what extent had the colonists developed a sense of their own identity and unity as Americans by the eve of the Revolution? (1999) 5. To what extent did the American Revolution fundamentally change American society? In your answer be sure to address the political, social and economic effects of the Revolution from 1775 to 1800. (2005) 6. From 1775 to 1830, many African Americans gained freedom from slavery, yet during the same period the institution of slavery expanded. Explain why BOTH of those changes took place. Analyze the ways that BOTH free African Americans and enslaved African Americans responded to the challenges confronting them. (2009) 7. Discuss the changing ideals of American womanhood between the American Revolution (1770s) and the outbreak of the Civil War. What factors fostered the emergence of republican motherhood and the cult of domesticity? Assess the extent to which these ideals influenced the lives of women during this period. In your answer be sure to consider issues of race and class. (2006) 8. With respect to the federal Constitution, the Jeffersonian Republicans are usually characterized as strict constructionists who were opposed to the broad constructionism of the Federalists. To what extent was this characterization of the two parties accurate during the presidencies of Jefferson and M adison? (1998) 9. Reform movements in the United States sought to expand democratic ideals. Assess the validity of this statement with specific reference to the years 1820-1850. (2002) 10 To what extent did the natural environment shape the development of the West beyond the Mississippi and the lives of those who lived and settled there? How important were other factors? (1992) 11. In what ways and to what extent did constitutional and social developments between 1860 and 1877 amount to a revolution? (1996) 12. Analyze the ways in which technology, government policy, and economic conditions changed American agriculture in the period 1865-1900. In your answer be sure to evaluate farmers responses to these changes. (2007) 13. How successful was organized labor in improving the position of workers in the period from 1875 to 1900? Analyze the factors that lead to the level of success achieved. ((2000) 14. To what extent was late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century United States expansionism a continuation of past United States expansionism and to what extent was it a departure? (1994) 15. To what extent did economic and political developments as well as assumptions about the nature of women affect the position of American women during the period 1890 1925? (1997) 16. It was the strength of the opposition forces, both liberal and conservative, rather than the ineptitude and stubbornness of President Wilson that led to the Senate defeat of the Treaty of Versailles. Assess the validity. (1991)

Analysis of validity and reliability of intelligence assessments

Analysis of validity and reliability of intelligence assessments Measuring intelligence has always been a pragmatic thing to do (Wilhelm Engle, 2005). Most people find it hard to be rational in measuring their intelligence. As a common usage, intelligence is attested quantifiably by understanding the admissibility of a degree (Bartholomew, 2004) In other words, there can be no way that intelligence would be perfectly quantified. Only the nearness or the relative distance can be the mode of measuring ones intelligence. David Wechsler (Bartholomew, 2004) defines intelligence as the aggregate ability of an individual to have a rational thinking, a purposive act, and an effective dealing with his environment. Some writers however define intelligence negatively. That is, the doing away of tests. It is important to differentiate between intelligence quotient (IQ) and intelligence itself. IQ does not simply refer to the quantity of intelligence a person has, rather it refers to the relative standing of an individual with regard to his performance in an intelligence test as compared to others who took the same test (Zastrow Kirst-Ashman, 2007). When intelligence is measured in terms of a numerical result (i.e. I.Q. is 140), we cannot be sure that we are really talking about intelligence since there is a substitution of precision for vagueness (Govier, 2009). The original purpose of intelligence test was primarily to identify the least capable students that are finding it hard to learn from ordinary schooling (Kalat, 2010). However, it was later used to determine who among the students excel and during entrance examinations in universities. It is seemingly difficult if not impossible to devise a test that would truly measure the innate intelligence without being bias culturally. Innate ability cannot be measured if cultural bias exists (Young, 2006). Bias refers to the existence of nuisance factors that makes it difficult to compare the intelligence tests results across different cultural groups (Prifitera et al. 2008). There are three kinds of cultural biases in intelligence tests vis-a-viz construct bias, method bias, and differential item functioning (Lovler, Miller, McIntire, 2010). Construct bias occurs when there are different systems of meaning from culture to culture. For instance, a good daughter in a country might have a different characteristic in another country. Method bias occurs when the procedure of the test vary from different cultures such as when in a certain country, participants are used to input data electronically while in another country, participants are used to answering manually through paper s. Differential item functioning or item bias occurs when there is a great gap in the test scores of the participants in different cultures who have relatively the same abilities. For example, different regional groups might have different scores in a history test regarding their home country even if all of them are familiar with its history. In order to eliminate cultural biases in intelligence tests, culture-free tests became a demand. As the name imply this test attempt to eliminate cultural and educational differences (Haselbauer, 2006). The most common mediums used in this test are pictures or images which assess spatial capabilities of the participants such as visualization and perception. The validity of the tests is equally important as the reliability of the test. Validity is challenged when a participant in the test cannot communicate in the language used in the test (Rhodes, 2005). Critics of IQ tests argue that the differences in IQ scores are attributable to the orientation of the test makers such as their experiences, vocabulary and language, and lifestyles (Weiten, 2008). Construct-related validity refers to the extent which the test instrument can capture the details it is designed to measure (Sternberg, 2010). Methods To be able to determine the validity of intelligence tests particularly on the way it is constructed, this paper will investigate whether validity of tests vary between English speakers and non-English speakers. The kind of test that will be used is PSYGAT which focuses mainly on the verbal capability of the participant. This will be conducted after the participants have taken the Queendom test and Culture Fair IQ test. Participants will be composed of a total number of 337 from which 269 (79.8%) are females and 68 (20.2%) are males. The sex standard deviation for the participants with English-speaking backgrounds (ESB) will be 0.407 while those with non-English speaking background (NESB) will be 0.389. After getting the result of the test, it will be analyzed based on age. The age standard deviation for ESBs will be 7.514 while for NESBs it is 7.627. Ages range from 19-55 for ESBs and 19-62 for NESBs. Aim This study aims to determine if PSYGAT is internally reliable when a group of participants with English-speaking backgrounds and non-English speaking backgrounds are compared. An initial hypothesis for this study is that PSYGAT will be a reliable means of intelligence computation vis-a-viz significant convergent validity in the same way as the Queendom and Culture Fair IQ tests. However, between ESB and NESB, it is hypothesized that they will differ in terms of reliability and validity. Results Item Analysis Upon checking for internal consistency of data using Cronbachs alpha, it can be assessed that results were reliable, especially as most of the generated alpha were higher than 80 percent. The following are reliability statistics with their corresponding Cronbachs alpha  [1]  : Reliability of data for overall sample for all 55 questions Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha .898 Reliability of data for overall sample for the 25 best discriminating questions Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha .848 Reliability of the data for ESB group for the 25 best discriminating questions Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha .851 Reliability of the ESB for all 55 questions Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha .901 Reliability of the data for NESB group for the 25 best discriminating questions Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha .841 Reliability of the NESB group for all 55 questions Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha .889 Validity of PSYGAT In order to test the validity of PSYGAT, the correlation scores of the PSYGAT (total scores) on each of the Queendom tests were obtained using SPSS. Correlations (for all sample) Total Queendom Verbal Adjusted Total Pearson Correlation 1 .466** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 337 337 Queendom Verbal Adjusted Pearson Correlation .466** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 337 337 Queendom Culture Fair IQ Pearson Correlation .098 -.283** Sig. (2-tailed) .073 .000 N 337 337 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Correlations for ESB Group Total Queendom Verbal Adjusted Total Pearson Correlation 1 .433** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 244 244 Queendom Verbal Adjusted Pearson Correlation .433** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 244 244 Queendom Culture Fair IQ Pearson Correlation .067 -.341** Sig. (2-tailed) .295 .000 N 244 244 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Correlations for NESB group Total Queendom Verbal Adjusted Total Pearson Correlation 1 .567** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 93 93 Queendom Verbal Adjusted Pearson Correlation .567** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 93 93 Queendom Culture Fair IQ Pearson Correlation .238* .011 Sig. (2-tailed) .022 .918 N 93 93 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). Assessment of Differences between ESB and NESB groups in terms of reliability and validity By splitting the data according to its background (i.e., ESB and NESB group), the following correlations were obtained: Correlations English Queendom Culture Fair IQ english speakiing background Queendom Culture Fair IQ Pearson Correlation 1 Sig. (2-tailed) N 244 Queendom Verbal Adjusted Pearson Correlation -.341** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 244 non english speaking background Queendom Culture Fair IQ Pearson Correlation 1 Sig. (2-tailed) N 93 Queendom Verbal Adjusted Pearson Correlation .011 Sig. (2-tailed) .918 N 93 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). The observed z value will be obtained using the following formula: where: rESB= -0.341 NESB = 244 rNESB= 0.011 NNESB = 93 Transforming the correlation coefficient to their corresponding z values, zESB = -0.355 zNESB = 0.011 Using the values above, the following observed z value was obtained: Z = -2.96 To evaluate the observed z value, the obtained value must not be between -1.96 and +1.96 to conclude a statistical difference between the two correlation coefficients. From this, it can be assessed that there is a statistical difference between the 2 correlation coefficients, due to the fact that the observed z value does not fall between -1.96 and +1.96. Discussion and Conclusions Many researchers have argued that the measurement of intelligence through IQ tests is no doubt based on the culture to which the individual belongs to. In an attempt to assess the reliability and the construct validity of the PSYGAT a verbal assessment developed by Psychology students in 1998 344 Psychology students were tasked to complete three tests which comprises of two Queendom tests (verbal adjusted and culture fair test) and the PSYGAT. The results of the PSYGAT were then analysed for internal validity. Construst validity of PSYGAT was also examined by analyzing the test scores alongside the Queendom tests. The hypothesis that the PSYGAT test would show significant internal reliability and construct validity as it was analysed alongside the other two tests was supported. Significant correlations were also found in the results for Queendom Verbal Adjusted and the PSYGAT for English speaking background group. Upon computation of observed z values, it was also concluded that th ere were statistical differences between the ESB and NESB correlation coefficients. Thus, it can be further assessed that PSYGAT can be used validly for verbal intelligence assessments, although, further research is recommended for its use in culture fair factors. One limitation though of this study is the fact that participants were all university students, specifically Psychology students. Perhaps, there is a need for further research that will involve a much diverse population, considering that participants in this study can be considered as well-educated. Despite their non-English speaking background, it can also be assumed that perhaps are also well-versed in the English language. Another limitation is also the fact that the tests used the English language as the first language in the assessments. Such factor may pose limitations for specific ethnic groups whose first language is not English. It can be considered that future researches be conducted that will be more culture sensitive and be conducted using the first language of the specific ethnic group. References Bartholomew, D. J. (2004). Measuring intelligence: facts and fallacies: Cambridge University Press Govier, T. (2009). A practical study of argument (7th ed.): Cengage Learning. Haselbauer, N. (2006). The everything test your IQ book: discover your true intelligence: Everything Books. Kalat, J. W. (2010). Introduction to psychology (9th ed.): Cengage Learning. Lovler, R. L., Miller, L. A., McIntire, S. A. (2010). Foundations of psychological testing: a practical approach (3rd ed.): SAGE. Prifitera, A., Saklofske, D. H., Weiss, L. G. (2008). WISC-IV clinical assessment and intervention: practical resources for the mental health professional (2nd ed.): Elsevier. Rhodes, R. L., Ochoa, S. H. Ortiz, S. O. (2005). Assessing culturally and linguistically diverse students: a practical guide: Guilford Press. Weiten, W. (2008). Psychology: Themes and variations (8th ed.): Cengage Learning. Wilhelm, O. Engle, R. W. (2005). Handbook of understanding and measuring intelligence: SAGE. Young, E. M. (2010). Dealing with the cultural bias in intelligence testing: culture free and culture fair iq tests. Retrieved 29 April 2011 from: . Zastrow, C Kirst-Ashman, K. K. (2007). Understanding human behavior and the social environment (7th ed.): Cengage Learning.

Privacy of Personal Information on the Internet Essay -- Compare Contr

Privacy of Personal Information on the Internet . Introduction Due to the rise of the internet, information privacy has become a first level social and political issue gaining a global position. Globalization of the privacy issue has been driven by worldwide trade, communication, travel, and marketing. As computer networks make it easier to find, store, and process information, it is becoming harder for individuals to keep their data private. The regulatory approach for protecting information varies by nation. The differences especially standout between the European Union (EU) and US. The EU sought to protect itself and cross border trading in the 90's with a Data Protection Directive. This directive states that transfers of personal data take place only in non-EU countries that provide an adequate data protection regime. Although the US and EU share the same vision - enhancing privacy protection for their citizens, the US strategy takes a different privacy approach. The US relies on a sectoral and industry specific approach with a mixture of legislation and regulation. In the US sectoral laws are focused on telecommunications, health care, and financial services. This paper will look at the key differences between US and EU Policies and some of the pros and cons of each. However, first off, it is important to address "What is privacy and why should we protect it?" II. What is Privacy & Why Should We Protect It? Privacy is hard to define and many different versions of a definition reside out there. Definitions range from as simple as "the fundamental of all liberties" and "the right to be left alone" to the "claim of an individual to determine what information about himself or herself should be kno... ...ar2002, Vol. 16 Issue 1, p23, 12p [3] On-line privacy in Europe--new regulation for cookies. By: King, Ian. Information & Communications Technology Law, Oct2003, Vol. 12 Issue 3, p225, 12p [4] Privacy as a Trade Issue: Guidelines for U.S. Trade Negotiators. Solveig Singleton. Economic Freedom Project Report #02-02 [5] Privacy is good business. By: Sturdevant, Cameron. eWeek, 10/13/2003, Vol. 20 Issue 41, p67 [6] RFC 2804 "IETF Policy on Wiretapping" ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2804.txt [7] Social and Political Dimensions of Privacy. By: Westin, Alan F.b Journal of Social Issues, Jul2003, Vol. 59 Issue 2, p431, 23p [8] Using Organizational Safeguards to Make Justifiable Privacy Decisions when Processing Personal Data. By: Olivier, Martin. Proceedings SAICSIT 2003, p275–284 Flags from http://www.eurunion.org/legislat/agd2000/agd2000.htm

Down Syndrome Essay examples -- genetic disorder

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder in which a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21. There are three genetic variations that cause Down syndrome: Trisomy 21, Mosaic Trisomy 21 or Translocation Trisomy 21. There are many ways in which theses disorders affect the body.  Ã‚  Trisomy 21 occurs when an egg or sperm comes in with an extra copy of chromosome 21, then, once an embryo is formed and starts to develop, the chromosome is replicated in every single cell of the embryo. Trisomy 21 is the most common type of Down syndrome. About 92% of Down syndrome patients have this type. People with Trisomy usually have physical problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mosaic Trisomy 21 happens when an egg or sperm come in with an extra copy of chromosome 21, then, once an embryo is formed and starts to develop, the chromosome is replicated in some of the cells. In Mosaic some cells have a normal number of chromosomes and some have an extra chromosome 21. Mosaic Trisomy 21 occurs in 2-3% of patients with Down syndrome. Mosaic Trisomy produces a wide range of possibility of a person having physical problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Translocation Trisomy occurs when the extra copy of chromosome 21 or a piece of chromosome 21 becomes attached to another chromosome. Usually the chromosome 21 attaches to chromosome 14. About 3-4% of patients with Down syndrome have Translocation Trisomy 21.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anyone can be born with Down syndrome because it is a random event. Down syndrome is not usually inherited, but can be inherited... Down Syndrome Essay examples -- genetic disorder Down syndrome is a genetic disorder in which a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21. There are three genetic variations that cause Down syndrome: Trisomy 21, Mosaic Trisomy 21 or Translocation Trisomy 21. There are many ways in which theses disorders affect the body.  Ã‚  Trisomy 21 occurs when an egg or sperm comes in with an extra copy of chromosome 21, then, once an embryo is formed and starts to develop, the chromosome is replicated in every single cell of the embryo. Trisomy 21 is the most common type of Down syndrome. About 92% of Down syndrome patients have this type. People with Trisomy usually have physical problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mosaic Trisomy 21 happens when an egg or sperm come in with an extra copy of chromosome 21, then, once an embryo is formed and starts to develop, the chromosome is replicated in some of the cells. In Mosaic some cells have a normal number of chromosomes and some have an extra chromosome 21. Mosaic Trisomy 21 occurs in 2-3% of patients with Down syndrome. Mosaic Trisomy produces a wide range of possibility of a person having physical problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Translocation Trisomy occurs when the extra copy of chromosome 21 or a piece of chromosome 21 becomes attached to another chromosome. Usually the chromosome 21 attaches to chromosome 14. About 3-4% of patients with Down syndrome have Translocation Trisomy 21.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anyone can be born with Down syndrome because it is a random event. Down syndrome is not usually inherited, but can be inherited...

Impact of the Computer and Internet on Parks and Recreation Management :: Expository Essays

Impact of the Computer and Internet on Parks and Recreation Management The invention of the computer and the Internet system has greatly advanced and/or changed many of the careers through out the world. Parks and Recreation Management is one of these occupations that have been able to thrive with the Internet and personal computers available today. Recreation today is becoming more and more popular due to an overall decrease in working hours. These shorten working hours leave more free time and have recently made the recreation occupation more popular. With the many national, state, and private parks in the United States, it is essential for the park systems to figure out a way to become organized and more nation-wide known due to the competition. The Internet and use of the computer became the answer to these problems. The State and National Parks System developed a database computer system that makes registration easier and faster than in the past. Instead of filling out multiple registration slips one at a time, an employee is able to type the register’s information in, and in seconds their registration slips come out neatly and accurately by computer. There is a company that takes calls for the government parks system to make reservations but recently with the discovery of the Internet, campers now are able to reserve a camping site from their own homes. This [1]park database is automatically revised every time the company, the campers, or the park rangers themselves make a reservation from the park. This keeps the state and national park system organized and more easily accessible to make reservations. With this improvement in speed and accuracy with reservations, park rangers have more time to enforce laws and regulations then being consumed with unnecessary problems in the office. Because of the increase of the populations in the state and national parks, park rangers have their hands full and cannot always be available to make reservations at the park office. This gives more face-to-face communication between park ranger and customer. Similar with other careers, the Internet has become a very useful source in Parks and Recreation Management. With their own website, the [2]national and [3]state park systems are more able to inform people about upcoming rules and regulations and new developments in different parks.

Company Analysis Tim Hortons Essay

Tim Hortons is one of North America’s largest developers and franchisors of quick service restaurants with 4,485 system-wide restaurants as of year-end 2013 (Annual Report 2013). Tim Hortons is among the largest publicly-traded restaurant chains in North America based on market capitalization, and the largest in Canada by a wide measure. In Canada, they command an approximate 42% share of the quick service restaurant traffic. Tim Hortons Inc. has iconic brand status in Canada and strong consumer awareness in the U.S. market (Annual Report 2013). According to Ready Ratios (2014), the most important financial ratios to assess a company’s financial picture are: 1. Debt to Equity Ratio= Total Liabilities / Shareholders Equity 2. Dividend Payout Ratio = Dividend per share / Total Net Earnings 3. Return on Equity= Net Income / Shareholder’s Equity 4. Net Profit Margin= Net Profit / Net Sales Debt-to-Equity Ratio The debt-to-equity ratio is a quantification of company’s financial leverage estimated by dividing the total liabilities by stockholders’ equity (Bruns 1992). This ratio indicates the proportion of equity and debt used by the company to finance its assets. It is really important to know about what the debt-to-income ratio number indicates. This number needs to be as low as possible. The less debt relative to the income indicates that a company is financially better off because there is extra money to apply towards future goals. Referring to Appendix B, Tim Hortons debt to equity ratio is at 0.34 and has been steady for the past six years. This shows that the corporation has available money on hand to apply toward their financial goals. Dividend Payout Ratio The dividend payout ratio is used to examine if a company’s earnings can support the current dividend payment amount. The statistic is calculated by taking the dividend and dividing it by the company’s total net earnings (Bruns 1992). Investors usually seek a consistent and/or improving dividends payout ratio. The dividend payout ratio should not be too high. Growing companies will typically retain more profits to fund growth and pay lower or no dividends. Companies that pay higher dividends may be in mature industries where there is little room for growth and paying higher dividends  is the best use of profits. Dividends are paid in cash; therefore, high dividend payout ratio can have implications for the cash management and liquidity of the company. According to Little, dividend payout ratios over 100% means that the company is paying out more to its shareholders than earnings received (2014). This is typically not a good recipe for the company’s financial health; it can be a sign that the dividend payment will be cut in the future. According to Appendix B, Tim Hortons dividend payout is at 38.52% and has been consistent over the previous five years. This shows that the corporation has been re-investing profits to meet their future financial goals. Return on Equity (ROE) The return on equity is the amount of net income returned as a percentage of shareholders equity (Bruns 1992). The return on equity estimates the profitability of a corporation by revealing the amount of profit generated by a company with the money invested by the shareholders. According to Kennon, a business that has a high return on equity is more likely to be one that is capable of generating cash internally (2014). The higher a company’s return on equity compared to its industry, the better. According to Appendix B, Tim Hortons ROE is currently at 32.46%. The subsequent five years has shown similar percentages except for year 2010. The ROE was actually 53.29%. Looking at Appendix C, the ROE comparison between Tim Hortons and Dunkin Donuts shows that Dunkin Donuts has been making steady improvements during the past 5 years and as of year ending 2013 has surpassed Tim Hortons ROE. According to Wong, Dunkin Donuts is the second largest coffee chain after Starbucks with over 7000 outlets, far ahead of Tim Hortons and the company is preparing to expand to the western U.S. (28 August 2014). Net Profit Margin The net profit margin is a number which indicates the efficiency of a company at its cost control (Bruns 1992). The profit margin ratio shows what percentage of sales are left over after all expenses are paid by the business. A higher net profit margin shows more efficiency of the company at converting its revenue into actual profit. This ratio is a good way of making comparisons between companies in the same industry, because similar companies are often subject to similar business conditions. Tim Hortons net  profit margin for year 2013 was at 13.04% and for the previous 5 years has been stable (Appendix B). A comparison between Tim Hortons and Dunkin Donuts (Appendix D), shows that Tim Hortons net profit margin for 2013 was approximately 7% lower than Dunkin Donuts. While Tim Hortons has had a steady profit margin, Dunkin Donuts has increased their profit margin by 14% over the last five years. Conclusion Reviewing the ratios that were presented indicate that Tim Hortons has been a stable profitable company. Their debt to equity ratio has been consistently low, dividend payout ratio has been steady at 38%, return on equity has been consistently between 30 and 50% and the net profit margin has been constant at 13% (appendix B). A review of appendix B shows that the ratios presented have been consistent; however, on August 27 2014 Burger King announced that a deal had been reached to buy the Canadian donut chain (Isidore & Sahadi, August 2014). Many have speculated that the main reason for the merger was to reduce the business taxes paid by the corporation. Looking into the future, the Burger King acquisition may hurt the financial stability of Tim Hortons in the U.S. markets due to loyalty. I think the merger between the two corporations will take a few years to solidify. Until then I would invest due to the constant stability of the company financials and re-evaluate after a year.

Professional Teachers

Reflections on Beliefs â€Å"The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires† (William Arthur War). Teaching is more than a profession; it is about being full time parents to the students. Students spend most of their hours with teachers, thus when you are a teacher, you don’t just teach the basics; teachers are expected to go the extra mile for their students and ensure all the necessary requirements are met.On the other hand, learning can be defined as gaining knowledge or skills that can be useful or beneficial (www. cidde. pit. edu). Beliefs about teaching and learning strategies do not always help one to become a good teacher. Beliefs can be defined as â€Å" the mental act, condition or habit of placing trust or confidence in something or someone† (www. thefreedictionary. com), therefore as you can see if a teacher believe in using a wrong strategy for learning or teaching is the correct a pplication this may cause devastating results for students.Good teaching is an act of generosity, a whim of the wanton muse, a craft that may grow with practice, and always risky business (www. couragerenewal. org). I believe that teaching, if done wholeheartedly and effectively can make a profound impact on students. The impact would not just be restricted to the transfer of knowledge but understanding and guidance. Teachers should develop a bond with their students and a relationship so that students can feel safe and protected by teachers.They should be able to have the same sense of feeling they have towards their parents or guardians. They can serve as effective caregivers — loving and respecting their students, helping them succeed at the work of school, building their self-esteem by treating each student as having worth and dignity, and enabling students to gain a first-hand appreciation of the meaning of morality by being treated in a moral way (www2. cortland. edu). After participating in this course I understood that these small factors make up the bigger picture.I learned that by having these qualities would make you a memorable teacher and would impact on the children in a positive way. Being a patient teacher is also an essential factor that leads to good teaching. As a teacher, you encounter a variety of situations and it is your responsibility to be patient and understanding in all events. A good teacher must remain patient with his or her students at all times. However, that doesn't mean the teacher should let the students get away with whatever they want to. Discipline and fairness must be used as well.A teacher with these qualities is able to understand his or her students and know how to help them succeed. A teacher with little or no patience can easily give up on a troublesome student as a way to avoid the problem (sithpenguin. hubpages. com). My in class session showed me that some teachers are not patient because of troublesome chi ldren and they give up on the students to make their lives easier, but this should not be so. Meanwhile I also learnt that as teachers we should try our best with the students to help them become better people.If their home is not stable, we should help them as much as possible in school and do not turn them down. We should give them the guidance and comfort they are not getting at home. It is our job to be affectionate with students because teachers are like the second parents/guardians for students. Different children adapt to different learning methods, therefore learning can be universal and can be accessed via multiple avenues to facilitate all learners. I believe that learning should be an engaging and rewarding experience.When children attempt to do something instead of criticizing them, I think they should be applaud when they are right and corrected if they are wrong. When they achieve something, they should be rewarded and motivated to do better. If they do not understand something, teachers should correct them in a positive way and make it an engaging and interactive experience. According to Professor Michele Clarke of the School of Geography, learning should be fun; an engaging, challenging and rewarding experience both for student and teacher.Of course, making complex ideas fun for all participants is a far from easy task but if you can enable students to use their own imagination and creativity in an interactive manner which develops critical thought and deep understanding, the academic achievements can be impressive, the task memorable and the benefits for the individual long-lasting (www. nottingham. ac. uk). My Practicum course showed me that learning is supposed to be an engaging and rewarding experience for students.It must be this way in order for learning to take place, especially in primary schools because they consist of small chidden at a tender age who works well when learning is fun, rewarding, engaging and motivating. During our in c lass group discussions I also understood that when learning is rewarding, it actually makes the children want to come to school and be enthusiastic about doing the work. Children learn best in a secure and supportive environment where provision is made for discovery, challenge and choice.Inviting surroundings enhance children's positive disposition towards learning and a sense of belonging. Creating environments for learning is more than just a simple classroom arrangement (www. education. gov. sk. ca)The indoor environment receives the most attention from educators, children and other adults, therefore as teachers we should create an environment where colours, graphs, charts, pictures and arts and crafts are seen in abundance.This way the children would be excited about learning and they would find themselves enjoying their class sessions while, using graphs, pictures and charts as references when the teacher is teaching. Apart from the indoor environment, the outdoor environment i s important. The indoor environment communicates the values and beliefs that underpin the living and learning that takes place in that space (www. education. gov. sk. ca). Learning should felicitate guide play, exploration and discovery also. Outdoor activities also lead to effective learning.Doing this course, I got a further understanding of how the environment impacts on a child's learning. I understood as a teacher it is my job to ensure that I develop a proper learning environment for my students. During our Practicum Seminar when one of our speakers; a teacher from San Fernando Boys RC school came and introduced us to her classroom, I was amazed with the environment she provided for her students. Her classroom was like a resource centre with millions of materials to enhance learning in the classroom.My beliefs on teaching changed in that the traditional method of teaching by role does not do the job anymore and guarantees that any teacher using methods of lecture, copy whatâ⠂¬â„¢s on the board and memorization will lose the student’s attention and kill the desire of students to learn (www. themommydaddy. com). Teachers must now evaluate themselves and move forward from these â€Å"old school† ways and norms and bring new and innovative ways of bringing across the lecturers/ lessons across to the class in a more interesting and interacting way.They should develop new and innovative learning strategies for the students. Groups are composed of individuals who may share some of the same knowledge and skills, however, oftentimes, members come from different educational backgrounds and have different work and volunteer experiences, which uncovers strengths that one group member may have, while others are lacking. (ehow. com) During my form three days at school, my Technology Education teacher would often divide us into groups of four to five to do projects. These projects would not be just any plain portfolio hand up.Mr Awesome would instruct u s to actually brainstorm, think critically and creative and build innovative objects and/or create our own piece of work. By doing this our teacher encouraged us to exchange ideas and know how creative our peers could be. Group work along with brain storming also taught me to look at a problem from different angles and understand that it could be solved via a wide range of solutions by my peers. This would encourage effective learning by students. During the Practicum course, I even further understood the importance of group work among students, because as a student myself, I do not like group work.My teacher went on to explain that group work also helps students look at how their friends look at problems and how it encourages the child to feel comfortable if he/she does not understand something, so they can ask for help as a group and not individually. Working in a group can help individuals build long-lasting relationships based on trust and loyalty. As group members, people learn about the commonalities they share and differences, which lead them to seek group members they can build relationships with even outside of the group (ehow. com; Esquith, R. 2007).As a teacher, you should do your homework also. I learned this from my lower six teacher who was always prepared for a class. She would never reach to class and question the class where in the syllabus she are supposed to teach or she would never come to class and start organizing her lesson for the day, she would always come prepared and she would always make the extra time to go the extra mile for the class. For effective teaching to take place teachers should always be organized and their class must always be well planned. Lesson plans is always the best method to be organized.When using lesson plans, teachers do not have to think on their feet, they are clear on the procedure to follow and they build on previous teaching and prepare for coming lessons (myenglishpages. com). I always admire my teacher for always including activities in her lesson plan rather than just reading and writing. Including activities in your lesson plan develop strategies to obtain feedback on student learning. A successful lesson plan addresses and integrates these three key components: Objectives for student learning, teaching/learning activities, strategies to check student understanding(www. rlt. umich. edu) With the Practicum course, ,my views on lesson planning did not change , because during class, I would often remember my teacher stressing on doing a lesson plans accurately and do it for all areas of teaching. She also explained the importance and benefits of lesson planning so I held my beliefs on lesson planning to a high standard. Without students teaching is nothing and without teachers learning is nothing. All students have had hundreds of teachers in their lifetimes. A very few of these teachers they remember as being exceptionally good.Good teaching is as much about passion as it is about reason. It’s about motivating students not only to learn, but teaching them how to learn, and doing so in a manner that is relevant, meaningful and memorable. It’s about caring for your craft, having a passion for it and conveying that passion to everyone, but mostly importantly to your students (www. facultyfocus. com) â€Å"Demonstrating that you know it. Teaching is reminding others that they know just as well as you. You are all learners, doers and teachers†-Richard Bach. Professional Teachers A professional teacher is a tutor or teacher who imparted knowledge to students. Since education is the bedrock of national development, therefore we need a professional teacher to teach and transmit these knowledge to the students and unborn generation in all fields of human endeavors. To become a professional teacher you must have gone through teacher training colleges, polytechnics, Universities to acquire the basic skills of teaching and obtained a certificate as a teacher. A  teacher  or  schoolteacher  is a person who provides  education  for pupils (children) and students (adults).The role of teacher is often formal and ongoing, carried out at a school  or other place of  formal education. In many countries, a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain  specified professional qualifications or credentials from a  university  or  college. These professional qualifications may include the study of pedagogy, the science of teaching. Teachers, like other professionals, may have to continue their education after they qualify, a process known as  continuing professional development.Teachers may use a  lesson plan  to facilitate student learning, providing a course of study which is called the  curriculum. A teacher's role may vary among cultures. Teachers may provide instruction in  literacy and  numeracy,  craftsmanship  or  vocational training,  the arts,  religion,  civics, community roles, or life skills. A teacher who facilitates education for an individual may also be described as a personal  tutor, or, largely historically, a  governess. A teacher's professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching.Outside of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips, supervise  study halls, help with the organization of school functions, and serve as supervisors for  extracurricular activities. In some education systems, teachers may have responsibility for student  discipline . Around the world teachers are often required to obtain  specialized education, knowledge,  codes of ethics  and internal monitoring. There are a variety of bodies designed to instill, preserve and update the knowledge and professional standing of teachers.Around the world many governments operate teacher's colleges, which are generally established to serve and protect the public interest through  certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice for the teaching profession. The functions of the teacher's colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice, providing for the ongoing education of teachers, investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into  allegations  of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action and  accrediting  teacher education programs.In many situations teachers in  publicly funded schools  must be members in good standing with the college, and  private schools  may also r equire their teachers to be college peoples. In other areas these roles may belong to the State  Board of Education, the  Superintendent of Public Instruction, the  State Education Agency  or other governmental bodies. In still other areas  Teaching Unions may be responsible for some or all of these duties.

Euglena Research Paper

The effect of fertilized water on growth of Euglena Water is a good habitat for many organisms. The pureness of water has strong effect on aquatic organism (Walter, 2008). The altering of water condition could favor for the growth of one certain organism, but less favor for other organisms that leads to the competing out other organism by abundance of favor one . So, the result goes to decreasing of water biodiversity. Water ecology, which studies on the interaction between of biotic and abiotic factors to the growth of organism in water, is too important in order to keep the ecosystem balance.In our study, we focused on how the fertilize (nitro, phosphorus) effects on the populations of water organisms. Euglena is the mixotrophic which could synthesis energy from photosynthesis, but also could consume the food to make energy (Robert. et al, 2012). From the trophic characteristic of Euglena, my hypothesis for this study was the population of Euglena would increase in the rich fertili ze environment. The rationale for my hypothesis was Euglena could consume the food to have energy, so the rich fertilize environment was a good source for growth and reproduction of Euglena, that’s why their population would increase by time.The water from American river was collected for our sample. We set up three different ecosystems for organisms in three different jars: control, low fertilize and high fertilize environment. First river water was added to the jar, then organisms was added and the different amount of fertilize was put last to appropriate jar. We were helped to identify each organism under microscope. Before adding organism to ecosystems, counting sample had been done. The sampling was done every week through 3 weeks.After 3 weeks, the number of organisms of Euglena and other heterotrophic in each ecosystem was used to plot graphs and analysis. The population of Euglena in control condition increased in first two weeks, and then it decreased. In the low and high fertilize condition; the population of Euglena was very low and at the constant after 3 weeks. (Figure 1) My hypothesis was not supported from result. Euglena population in the high fertilize jar didn’t increase as we predicted. In contrast, the population of Euglena in the control jar increased. From our observed, there were abundant of green algae in the fertilized jar.This observing was matched with the statement that the high amount of nitro and phosphor could lead to the boom of green alga, and the high production of green algae could compete out other organism in the water (N, 1999). Green alga covered on the surface of the jar that inhibited the photosynthesis of Euglena. Then other question was asked, Euglena could consume the food to make energy, but why their population didn’t increase in the rich nutrient environment. Other hypothesis was stated by us: in the higher fertilize condition; the population of other heterotrophic would increase.The rationale was other heterotrophic could use the food source more effective than Euglena. Euglena didn’t have enough time to convert from photoautotroph to heterotrophic mode, so they could not use the food source to growth (Hall, 1939). The second hypothesis was supported when the population of other heterotrophic first increased in fertilized water, and then by time, after food was used up, the population started to decrease (figure 2). From our results, we could conclude that fertilize which is defined as a good source for plant but could polluted the water (2008) effects on the growth of other organism.It could make the imbalance ecosystem because of the abundance of one specie and extinct of other species. So, keeping water clean is very important task to be concerned. Figure 1: The populations of Euglena in control, low fertilize and high fertilize environment through 3 weeks. Figure 1: The populations of Euglena in control, low fertilize and high fertilize environment through 3 weeks. Figure 2: The populations of other heterotroph in control, low fertilize and high fertilize environment through 3 weeks Figure 2: The populations of other heterotroph in control, low fertilize and high fertilize environment through 3 weeksLiterature Cited: Dodds. K. W (2008). Fresh water ecology: concept and environmental application of limnology (2nd ed. ) San Francisco: Elsevier. Hall, R. P. , & Schoenborn, H. W. (1939). The question of autotrophic nutrition in Euglena gracilis. Physiol Zool, 12(1), 76-84. Sanders, R. , & Gast, R. (2012). Bacterivory by phototrophic picoplankton and nanoplankton in arctic waters. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 82(2), 242-253. Sharply. A. N,Daniel. T &Sim. T (1999). Agriculture phosphorus and eutrophication. Washington: United Department of Agricultural.

CDA competency goal Essay

In order to provide a safe environment to prevent injuries I’d do the following: †¢I would check every toy and equipment the children will be occupying for broken or missing parts often, to ensure that they remain safe for use and play. †¢I would make sure that all chemicals and cleaning supplies are put away out of the reach of children or stored away in locked cabinets to prevent injury or poisoning, I would also baby proof every corner of each table and make sure to place an outlet plug on each power outlet, to make sure that no child ever bumps their fragile heads and gets shocked at any point in time †¢I would liked to be trained in emergency evacuation procedures and plans so I know what to do if there ever is a tornado, hurricane or in the events of a fire so that I am able to remove all children from the classroom and/or building to safety. †¢I am training to be certified in First Aid and CPR,which makes me knowledgeable of caring for accidents and injuries. Functional Area #2 – Healthy: In order to provide an environment that promotes health and prevents illness, and teaches children about good nutrition and practices that promote wellness, I would ensure to do the following: †¢I’d sanitize all toys daily and immediately after being put into a child’s mouth, to prevent the spread of germs. †¢I will wash my hands and wear gloves before and while handling food, I would clean my hands after handling food, helping with toileting, cleaning noses to prevent germs from being spread †¢I will follow the center’s policies for sick children to prevent other illnesses throughout the classroom. Functional Area #3 – Learning Environment: In order to use relationships, the physical space, materials, daily schedule, and routines provided to create a secure, interesting, and an amusing environment that promotes engagement, entertaining exploration, and learning of all children including children with disabilities and special needs, I would take these necessary precautions: Well arranged space , which meets the developmental needs of children during routines and play, is provided. A variety of developmentally and age appropriate materials are available. Materials that will be used for play are well-organized.

Artificial Intelligence A Threat Or Not Computer Science Essay

Artificial Intelligence A Threat Or Not Computer Science Essay Abstract- This research paper gives a short introduction to the basics of robotics in the context of artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence is a branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans.This paper describes some bad effects that can happen in the future due to the influence of artificial intelligence. INTRODUCTION Now in the society, we are living on a world of machines. We depend on machines for every field of our life. Everything around us are applications of artificial intelligence. Air conditioners, cameras, video games, medical equipment ,were traffic lights, refrigerators, etc work on a â€Å"smart† technology . Artificial Intelligence is  a branch of computer science that works on to create a computer systems capable to react like a human being. That is to make machines capable of sensing the world around it, to understand conversations and to take decisions as a human would . Computers have more computational power than the human brain Now, computers are millions of times faster than they were fifty years ago. Human brains seem to be far â€Å"faster† than computers for a wide variety of tasks. Still, greater computational speed does make some so-called Artificial Intelligent systems seem smarter Artificial intelligence (AI) have a great role in the field of robotics. Artificial Intelligence in robotics covers topics like natural language processing, design, human factors, and computing theory. Natural language processing, a subfield of Artificial Intelligence, provides computers with the understanding they require to handle information being encoded by humans. Computer vision instructs computers on how to comprehend images and scenes. It has as some of its goals: image recognition, image tracking and image mapping. This application is valued in the fields of medicine, security, surveillance, military operations, even movie-making. Since the beginnings of civilization man has had a fascinat ion for a human-like creation that would assist him. Robotics and machines come to existence from this logic Artificial Intelligence to the Hollywood generation is mostly about androids, humanoids and robots. It is about machines going out of control, replacing humanity and world domination. There is a chance of happening this situation in future due to the influence of Artificial Intelligence. WHAT IS AN INTELLIGENT MACHINE When we say intelligent machine it does not mean that it is a machine which can solve any complex program that even humans get troubled. Calculators are not intelligent. Calculators give the right answers to challenging math problems, but everything they â€Å"know† is preprogrammed by people. They can never learn anything new. Calculators are able to solve problems entirely because people are already able to solve those same problems. We have generated many computing devices that can solve mathematical problems of enormous complexity, but those were not actually intelligent. They are preprogrammed to do exactly what we want them to do. They accept input and generate the correct output. They may do it at blazingly fast speeds, but their underlying mechanisms depend on humans having already worked out how to write the programs that control their behavior. An intelligent machine is a machine that does not have any preprogrammed data in it to solve a problem. We can also say that it is a machine which have an ability to think

Public Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Public Management - Essay Example But in recent time, the emphasis on New Public Management/ Public sector management approaches has forced public organizations to pay closer attention to their services delivery as con summers have begun to expect and demand more for their tax dollars". In this instance, no consumer of public goods and services are content with grumbling about poorly- produced goods and services and the under-qualified, untrained employees who render these services to them. Hence, as societies become more critical and litigious, public service organizations must seek all possible avenues for improving their output and providing the satisfaction their clients require and deserve. This couple with the complex nature of governance in contemporary times, where government partakes in nearly every sector of the economy (statism) in service provision (though there is a reduction in this through the privatization policies of must governments), then there is the need to ensure that quality service is delivere d. Strategic management is usually associated with private organizations that operate in a competitive environment, but now it is a noticeable management technique adopted in the New Public Management, as a concept and practice, by public sector organizations. This essay tends to look at the advantages and disadvantages associated with the adoption of strategic management in public sector organizations. Also, the argument on the difference context of strategic management in the private and public sectors would be deliberated upon. CONCEPTUALIZATION OF TERM Strategic Management: strategic management involves a rational planning process directed towards achieving clearly defined coherent goals. According to Armitage (1992), strategic management is a continuous process that works to fit an organization into its changing environment. Strategic management is a broader concept than strategic planning. In the sense that strategic planning (or long- range planning) is traditionally regarded as a period process to develop long-range plans for the organization. On the other hand strategic management encompasses both strategic decisions making and strategic planning. Thus, strategic management focuses on any strategic decision that must be made, regardless of its time frame and the planning necessary to complement that decision. Strategic management is then conceive as "a continuous activity of setting and maintaining the strategic direction of the organization and its business, and making decisions on a day- to day basis to deal with changing ci rcumstances and the challenges of the business results; it is all about people, leadership, technology and processes. Effective combination of these elements will help with strategic direction and successful service delivery (OGC, 2005). New Public Management: the concept of new public management differs from

Housing & Habitability Swimming Pools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Housing & Habitability Swimming Pools - Essay Example In a case where the lead-based paint has been chipping away for some time, there is already a risk of long-term exposure. However, both long-term and short-term exposure carries considerable health risks. Exposure to lead affects the brain, the central nervous system, and the blood cells. Exposure to high levels of lead can lead to convulsions, coma, and even death. Children and fetuses exposed to lead-based paint can experience delays in physical and mental development, lower IQ levels, shortened attention spans, and increased behavioral problems. In addition, children are more vulnerable as lead is easily absorbed into their bodies, and their developing tissues are more sensitive (EPA). In this situation, the children exposed to lead-based paint in this dwelling should have a blood test to determine their level of lead exposure, and the dwelling should be cleared of lead-based paint by professionals (EPA). The presence of cockroaches in this situation create an additional hazard to the occupants of the dwelling. The antigens released by cockroaches increase the risk to those who suffer from asthma. In addition, cockroaches are carriers of disease-causing germs (AFHH).

Vulnerable Population in the Workplace Project Essay

Vulnerable Population in the Workplace Project - Essay Example In my workplace for example there are a number of people whose access to health care leaves a lot to be desired. The problem in understanding these vulnerable people lies heavily on ignorance and poor decisions made by policy makers. For example, HIV patients need better facilities that are reasonably close to them and that treat and offer counselling facilities (O'Donnell 417). This paper will evaluate the presence of barriers in understanding their vulnerability and offer an action plan of creating awareness of this vulnerability. PATIENT BARRIERS Mental health problems People of unsound mind are in most cases reluctant to access any medication even of their mental condition (O'Donnell 401). As such it is even harder to undergo a complete dosage of any other illness leave alone HIV infection. Substance abuse problems HIV patients who abuse drugs tend to neglect the importance of taking proper medication. Drugs usually tend to simplify the gravity of the need to access descent healt h care. It is also not healthy to take HIV medication together with drugs and as such drug abusers opt to continue with drugs neglecting medication in return. Transportation problems When transportation to a heath facility is an issue HIV patients are less likely to seek treatment especially where regular check up is in the offing. Lack of social support system HIV is a stigmatising ailment where social support no matter how negligible can assist a great deal (O'Donnell 456). In situations where this is lacking, people shy away from approaching health practitioners for fear that such a leak will result to social discrimination. SYSTEM BARRIERS Childcare not available at clinic Children patients often require better care than adults due to their vulnerable nature. Childcare facilities are thereby necessary in close proximity to children patients and lack of it reduces their chances of accessing health care from distant facilities. Clinic locations/services not convenient Location of clinical services also acts as a barrier to accessing treatment for HIV patients. At these locations there may able be inconvenient services which frustrate patients’ efforts of accessing descent health care. Cost of HIV care This barrier is one of the most significant as it affects many patients not only in the United States but the world over. It is actually worse in the developed world where poverty levels are intense. It is also a fact that cheap health care is not as reliable setting it that the poor are hugely barred from accessing quality health care. Unfriendly HIV care system Facilities that offer HIV care are at times discriminatory of manifest negligence in offering medical care. As earlier stated, HIV is a stigma attached condition where patients’ psychological wellbeing is of essence. Lack of this consideration chases many away neglecting medication altogether. It is important to ensure that an organisation has mechanisms in place that help to identify the vulnerable groups within the workplace so as to eliminate unnecessary losses. It is also a gesture of good faith and concern for an organisation to establish, for example, counselling facilities in the workplace or pay for related expenses. There is room for improvement and total change in the way such people are recognised and treated. The management needs to develop a sub-department where vulnerable people can report their cases and

Case Study Stage 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stage 2 - Case Study Example At first, e-commerce can simply minimise the cost of gym activities that are conducted in traditional manner such as automation of business transactions. Online transactions and registration processes can basically minimise human efforts for performing such business activities effectively and also minimising the time required for completing the activities by the organisational members and the employees. E-commerce in UMUC Healthy Fitness Centre can also minimise the transaction expenses by making the marketplace more effective. On the other hand, UMUC Healthy Fitness Centre can also reach more potential customers at low expenses through the use of internet. The medium of internet would assist the members in terms of providing them with valuable information regarding the product or service characteristics such as fee and accessibility of facilities (Kaplan & Garicano, n.d.). Clearly, use of e-commerce in business process can result in accessing valuable information regarding the futur e demand of products or services of UMUC Healthy Fitness Centre more effectively. Furthermore, it will help UMUC Healthy Fitness Centre to better balance the demand of products and services with the requirements of the customers. The following figure will show the AS IS process of e-commerce for UMUC Healthy Fitness Centre. Part 2 Technology Solution Proposal The idea of e-commerce fundamentally comprise three key aspects namely hardware, software and communication network. These aspects would certainly reflect the ability of e-commerce for enhancing the business process of UR UMUC Healthy Fitness Centre by a certain degree. The aforesaid aspects have been described hereunder. Hardware: The key hardware aspects associated with e-commerce are server, input as well as output tools and database management system. In the e-commerce business process, UMUC Healthy Fitness Centre should follow the client server model, wherein a central computer system will act as server. This server will c ontain certain important information and will act as backup for information preservation system. Concerning input systems, keyboard and mouse are regarded as effective tools in e-commerce system. The output systems within e-commerce business process can appear in the form of billing information, member usage statistics and images among others (Carter, 2008). Software: Software is the other vital aspect of e-commerce business process. The key software for e-commerce is database management system. Database is able to store vital information in the form of text and images. The modern database management system can save billions of data items and is also able to manage huge figure of transactions. The database for UMUC Healthy Fitness Centre can be located in central server or in multiple workstations (Carter, 2008). Apart from the aforementioned aspect, maintaining security is also important for an e-commerce system to operate successfully. The key software applications that are useful for an e-commerce business process relating to UMUC Healthy Fitness Centre include user authentication, firewall and antivirus (Carter, 2008). Communication: There are several networking tools that possess the capability of ensuring the deliverance of proper communication in the entire business process through e-commerce. These tools comprise Local Area Network, Wireless network and internet. Utilisation

The ethical issues I may encounter while working as a professional in Essay

The ethical issues I may encounter while working as a professional in commercial real estate - Essay Example he country and it is very difficult for anyone who is not associated with the real estate industry to understand the degree of what happens behind the scenes. Numerous consumers are conned and in the current times that are characterised by increased consumer protection, it is astonishing that the ethical issues that exist in the real estate industry are rarely mentioned. In this regard, it is vital for them to clearly understand the ethics governing the field and thus be in a position to handle themselves professionally and realize the best results. There are three main reasons why the protection of consumers is poor particularly in the real estate industry. One of the main reasons is that the real estate industry involves a lot of money, efforts to straighten the industry would be beneficial to consumers while having negative effects on the interests of the agents, and others associated with this industry (Dewatripont et al., 2010, p. 47). The agents control the real estate industry and they are consulted in the event that the government wants to streamline the industry. In such a case, the real estate sector misleads the government as well as the customers. Most of the consumers who buy and sell real estates do it once or twice in their lives. This means that they have to seek guidance from agents to conduct this business making it hard for them to realize how much they might lose in a transaction. In the commercial real estate industry, dubious behaviour still goes unnoticed. Previously, cash commissions were used in some instances to circumvent taxes but currently, there are different ethical infractions that have been developed as more money continues to be associated with the industry. The brokers, lawyers as well as analysts have stated that circumventing and cutting corners is on the increase in this industry especially because of the rising property values. The lifeblood of the real estate business lies in comparable deals but the rules that govern the

Quantitative and Qualitative Research Assignment

Quantitative and Qualitative Research - Assignment Example It examines the experience of individuals delivering and receiving nursing care. The methods used to carry out qualitative research are case studies, interviews, ethnography and focus groups. On the other hand, quantitative study mainly focuses on measurable client outcomes and mainly uses statistics. However, bias is encountered when carrying out nursing research. When conducting a quantitative research, there are two main types of bias that may be encountered: random and systematic bias. Random bias takes place when a researcher assumes particular data. This happens wherebys the assumption made is not a precise representation of what is in the research. An example of a random bias is food diaries. Food diaries are inaccurate because people tend to over represent or under represent food consumption. However, this bias can be avoided by taking photographs of every study (Campbell & Campbell, 2006). On the other hand, systematic bias is a bit different. According to a study conducted by Dr. Colin Campbell, he stated that there were defects in the consumption of animal protein. However, Minger (2011) carried out a research on the same topic as Campbell and stated that the consumption of proteins and other foods was positively correlated. Systematic bias can be prevented by multiple null-hypothesis, re-utilization and utilization based on ongoing collection of data. All data should also be represented irrespective of the nature. There are various types of bias, which are associated with qualitative research. This bias’ can be experienced during the pre-trial, the clinical trial and after a trial. Examples of bias encountered during pre-trial stage may be as a result of study design, selection and channeling. There are other subtypes of bias which occur during the clinical trial. They include interviewer bias, transfer bias, recall bias and chronology bias. Bias after a trial may involve confounding and citation bias. When conducting a nursing research, bias

In our own Interest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

In our own Interest - Essay Example During the case of Somalia, 19 Americans died while attempting to restore peace (Thompson et al 4). Following the Mogadishu case, President Clinton’s intervention was restricted by the administration, despite the fact that the recommendations offered went against their humanistic conscience. The recommendation entailed the evacuation of all the American people at Rwanda, but not rescuing any Rwandan’s despite the fact that they perfectly understood the crisis at Rwanda. This paper reviews the response of President Clinton and his staff during the Rwanda Genocide, towards demonstrating the evils that emanate from obedience and the influence of authority on human behavior. Discussion Following the orders from the American administration, during and after the start of the Rwandan crisis, the administration’s advisors and the planning teams of the US – through president Clinton and his staffs communicated a number of excuses – for failing to act in resp onse to the genocide (Thompson, et al. 2; Carroll). The reasons given by President Clinton and his staffs included that the true magnitude and the scale of the killings taking place at Rwanda was not known. They also claimed that the rate of killings did not warrant the response of the US government (Thompson, et al. 3). However, considering that the massacre continued for a period of three months, it was clear that the inaction of President Clinton and his administration was not caused by the lack of proper information. Further, it became clear that the US was aware that the plans of the attack were known, because it was reported to the US, but nothing was done about the situation. The inaction of the US was also, not because it did not have enough resources, using which to respond to the situation. The reasons behind the failure of the inaction were primarily policy issues (DIA). The President and his staffs’ inaction are evident from the fact that they were well aware of t he case, eve before it happened. This was evident from the fact that, on 11th of January 1994 General Dellaire informed the UN of planned assassinations of Tutsi officials (Carroll). His subsequent appeals for reinforcement were not served. Further, after the start of the killings, memoranda about killings were sent to the Secretary of Defense’s office, and leading news papers like the Washington post and the New York Times reported the killings taking place (DIA). The policy recommendations that went against the conscience of President Clinton and his staffs included those from the administration that military force was not to be employed, following the experience that the US government had gained from the 3rd of October 1993 raid at Mogadishu, which ended with the killing of 19 Americans (Samantha 378). Other policy recommendations advanced by the US administration included that the interests of the US had to be protected, the administration did not have any allocation to a ddress the situation and that it lacked allied and public support (Samantha 378). These administrative policy recommendations tied the president and his staff’s ability to decide in favor of the crisis at Rwanda. This case shows the effects of their obedience; because the case culminated in the killing of more than 500,000 people (O'Toole; Stanley). The president and h