A Character Analysis of Kerima Polotan Tuvera’s The Virgin Essay

A Character Analysis of Kerima Polotan Tuvera’s The Virgin Kerima Polotan-Tuvera’s â€Å"The Virgin† is a short story that is centered on two characters namely Miss Mijares and The Carpenter. The title â€Å"The Virgin† reflects the subject virginity which is an important and cherished value for Filipinos. A Filipina should be proud to have maintained her virginity but in the case of the thirty-four-year-old Miss Mijares, she is ashamed of it. In her thirty-four years of existence, she had never been committed in a relationship. When she was younger, there had been other things to do and she never put love on top of her priorities. She had college to finish, a niece to put through school, and a mother to take care. Her duties became hindrances for her to be in a relationship. Miss Mijares’ childhood experiences and duties affected her personality. Miss Mijares is a thirty-four-year-old woman who works at a job placement agency. The first encounter of the two characters is at the job interview. The way Miss Mijares treat him is as aloof and cold just like the way she treated her other interviewees. She looks at herself as superior which explains the impolite language she uses to communicate with them. According to the text â€Å"When she was younger, there had been other things to do-college to finish, a niece to put through school, a mother to care for.† Her childhood experiences affected the way she is now, it greatly affected her personality. According to the theory of Sigmund Freud namely Psychoanalytic Theory of Freud, a person’s childhood experience and unconscious mind contributes to his or her personality (Cherry). The way Miss Mijares keep her distance from other people and the way she talk to them serve as a defense mechanism. Her unsociable manners coupled with frank and abrupt way of speech is a disguise for her loneliness. For nine years she dutifully looks out for the needs of her mother. For nine years she doesn’t think about her own happiness for she prioritizes her duty to take care of her parent. According to the text â€Å"But it had taken her parent many years to die. Towards the end, it had become a thankless chore, kneading her mother’s loose flesh, hour after hour, struggling to awaken the cold, sluggish blood in her dying body. In the end, she had died-her toothless, thin-haired,  flabby-fleshed mother-and Miss Mijares had pushed against the bed in grief and also gratitude.† We can infer from the way she dedicated her early years to take care of her mother that she valued her family more than herself. She was really affected by the death of her mother whom she loved so much and it triggered the change in her personality. She exemplified her superiority as a woman. â€Å"Miss Mijares did not look 34. She was slight, almost bony, but she had learned early how to dress herself to achieve an illusion hips and bosom. She liked poufs and shirrings and little girlish pastel colors.† According to this text, Miss Mijares knows how to make her look appealing to opposite gender. This is her way to deal with her loneliness. For thirty-four years she has not even touched a man. The way she behaves and deal with other people acts as a defense mechanism. According to the Behavioral Theory, personality is based on the interaction between the individual and the environment which can be learned and unlearned (Cherry). Her bossy and indistinct manner of speech coupled with the way she dress acts as a defense mechanism to hide her depression. The â€Å"girlish pastel color† as stated in the story is also a way to hide her true feelings. She is ashamed of herself for still being a virgin at the age of thirty-four. â€Å"And yet Miss Mijares did think of love.† It is stated in the text that Miss Mijares had short lived fantasies. She is still hoping that love will come her way someday. It suddenly happened when he met the carpenter. She is cold and distant at first but suddenly she is drawn to the man. It all started at the moment she saw the man holding her paperweight. It is a wooden block with a bird poised to flight. The paperweight was damaged with one wing tilted unevenly so the carpenter decided to fix it. The bird symbolizes freedom; it symbolizes the freedom of Miss Mijares. She lived in a system where virginity is something important and should be taken care of. The problem is she is trapped in this system because at the age of thirty-four she is still a virgin who never touched a man. This will change because of the carpenter. She will be free like the bird in her paperweight fixed by the carpenter. She will be unwittingly attracted to the carpenter. She doesn’t like the way he talk without permission but it won’t change her  feelings toward the man. When she learned that the foreman has only given him three peso but he is filling in for a four-peso job, she confronted the foreman right away. It not expected for her to be concerned because of her cold and distant way of treating him. A change in her personality can be seen and it is because of the carpenter. Miss Mijares was emotionally attached to the carpenter. She was surprised and angry when she learned that the carpenter has a son. She thought the he is single and not committed. After learning that he was raising a child by a woman he is not married to, she notice everything else that is wrong with him-his crooked grin and defective front teeth. Her reaction proved that she is really in love with the carpenter. She doesn’t even notice his grin and tooth because of her infatuation. Miss Mijares rode again a jeepney that detoured again to avoid traffic but this time he is with the carpenter. It was raining and all of them were asked to get down the jeepney. She noticed that there are no other people in sight but the two of them. Her emotion has gone wild for her young dreams have suddenly come to life. She turned to him with her ruffles wet and wilted. Out of her free-will, Miss Mijares has grabbed the opportunity for love. According to the Humanist Theory, a person’s free will and individual experience contribute to personality development (Cherry). Her feelings for him have changed her personality. She suddenly becomes more caring and concerned. Her personal emotion is the factor for the change in her personality. The Virgin deals with the life of Miss Mijares. A daughter bounded by her duty. She lived in a society where virginity is something to take care of but at the age of thirty-four she is ashamed that she is still a virgin. Miss Mijares’ childhood experiences and duties affected her personality. The cold and distant personality coupled with a frank and abrupt manner of speech can be traced back in her early years. All of these serve as a defense mechanism to hide her depression. She developed a certain superior mentality that can be seen in the way she talks during interviews but all of these changed when the carpenter came into her life. The paperweight with a bird on it symbolizes freedom. Miss Mijares was now free from all her anxieties because of the carpenter who brought order in her life just like  how he fixed the paperweight. Her loved for the carpenter brought the change in her life.

Natural Resources And The Economy Of Middle East Essay

The role of oil in the economies of the Middle East has altered over time and it is possible to recognize stages in its development. At first the main benefit was financial for the reason that, even though revenues were modest from the 1930s to the 1960s, these met most of the expenditure needs of the royal households in the Gulf and funded the major proportion of government current spending. Since oil production expanded in the 1960s revenues grew, and the quadrupling of oil prices in 1973-4 resulted in an enormous windfall. This could be interpreted as the second stage. Oil revenue was viewed mainly as a means of funding investment rather than just current expenditures, despite the fact that for some of the Gulf states the revenue was so great that it was probable to put some aside into ‘funds for future generations’. Because Middle East production stagnated and declined in several countries, the link between oil prices and development became of crucial significance. This was obvious from the infrastructure boom ensuing from the 1979 oil price rises, and the virtual halt to major investment projects following the price falls of the 1980s. (Mohamed Rabie, 1992). A third phase has now started in which the volume of exports and the price of crude oil is becoming of less importance for the economies of the region. Oil is less vital as an output however more crucial as an input. It is the marketing of refined products and petrochemicals which matters more and more, not the sales of crude oil. In these state of affairs pricing issues turn out to be more complex. Low domestic pricing of oil inputs can assist the international competitiveness of the Middle Eastern refining and petrochemicals industry, particularly during the entry, start-up and infant-industry phases. In the longer term Middle Eastern crude oil may not be internationally traded, instead it is oil products exports which will matter. In this situation OPEC’s declining significance as a cartel is less damaging to the economies of the Middle East than might otherwise have been the case. Diversification into downstream production means that it matters much less that oil prices are performing like those of other main commodities, with cyclical volatility and a long-term tendency to decline. The economies of the Middle East may still be oil-dependent; however the nature of this dependence is altering from output to input dependence. This has the advantage of being more controllable. Some of the issues which were important in the literature on the oil and development link are debatably now less pertinent in a period of lower oil prices. There was a long debate in the 1970s and 1980s regarding whether oil windfalls were a blessing or a curse. One argument for the latter view was the view that oil-dependent economies tended to undergo from ‘Dutch disease’, so called due to the effect of gas exports from the Netherlands in driving up the guilder, making manufacturing exports uncompetitive and imports cheaper, with ensuing adverse consequences for unemployment. Even though this argument is at first sight persuasive, and there was certainty proof in its support in the Netherlands and arguably in Britain, its relevance to the Middle East is open to question. (Mohammed Akacem, 1992). The countries of the Gulf had little local manufacturing capacity in the 1970s which could have been threatened, and the lack of labour was more of an issue than unemployment. Oil exports were in any case denominated in dollars, as were most imports, consequently the level of the exchange rate was of comparatively minor significance for trade. A strong exchange rate checked inflationary pressures, and any depreciation would merely have resulted in imported inflation which would have added to that generated domestically through supply bottlenecks. For countries such as Egypt, with manufacturing capacity and non-oil exports for instance cotton and textiles, Dutch disease was more likely, particularly as oil became more and more the leading export after the return of the Suez fields by Israel, and there was as well the indirect effect of Gulf oil exports on the exchange rate through remittances. Investigation by economists, particularly Bent Hansen, made known little empirical support for Dutch disease in Egypt. Cotton and textiles were mainly exported to Eastern Europe under bilateral trade deals that had administered rather than market prices. Imports were subject to tariffs, quotas, foreign exchange controls and other restrictions. The official exchange rate was itself-controlled, while admittedly at a high, and perhaps overvalued, level in the 1970s. It is uncertain, though, if a lower rate would have done much to boost exports, given the supply constraints in the Egyptian economy. (R. K. Ramazani, 1998). Oil revenues were most likely of more consequence at the political economy level, as they reinforced the role of the state by increasing both its power of patronage and its capability to control economic activity. There was less need to collect other forms of tax revenues due to the significance of oil revenues, and also conceivably less government accountability. All countries in the Gulf adopted some form of development planning, simply so as to find out their expenditure priorities and ascertain how spending plans interacted. The consultation when planning the expenditure of oil revenues merely extended to the government ministries, though, and not to the general public. In addition, governments often ignored their own development plans if circumstances changed, either through new defence and security concerns or due to the changing price of oil. References: John Page (1999). The Impact of Lower Oil Prices on the Economies of Gulf States; Middle East Policy, Vol. 6 Marc J O’Reilly (1999). Oil Monarchies Without Oil: Omani & Bahraini Security in a Post-Oil Era; Middle East Policy, Vol. 6 Mohamed Rabie (1992). The Politics and Economics of Oil; Middle East Policy, Vol. 1

Legal Issue Paper HUMAN RIGHTS IN IRAQ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legal Issue Paper HUMAN RIGHTS IN IRAQ - Essay Example Iraq has seen different periods of government rule and the human rights in Iraq have been different in the different periods of rule. The human rights in Iraq can be divided into three distinct periods, the pre-Saddam period, the period of Saddam Hussein, and the post war period. The military in Iraq plays a very important role in maintaining an atmosphere of pressure and fear on which the government of Iraq rests. The Iraqi military forces have a lot of power and the government usually does not make an attempt to investigate any human rights abuse cases. The Iraqi government's human rights record is very poor. Human rights like the right to freedom of speech, the right to freedom of press, and the like were restricted by the government. Human rights in the pre-Saddam period were very poor. The abuses of human rights on the citizens were prevalent from this period itself. The Hashemite monarchy is considered the most imperfect rule in terms of human rights. The influence of prime ministers and leaders of the military was huge and the civil and human rights of people varied from place to place. During this period Jews had face a lot of discrimination. They were deprived of property and Iraqi nationality. In 1949 Iraq's Prime Minister also suggested that Iraq may expel its Jewish population .1 Following this, from 1950 to 1951 more than 120,000 Jews left Iraq for Israel in a mass emigration. This mass emigration was one of the largest airlift operations in history .2 Human rights in the pre-Saddam period faced a lot of ups and downs as Iraq saw many different leaders and governments. Human rights were often violated due to the differences between various rulers and members of different ethnic communities. Many rulers and regimes discriminated certain groups and communities, which resulted in the violation of human rights to these affected communities. Saddam Hussein was one of the most famous Iraqi leaders. Human right during his rule faced a lot of torture and mass murder. During Saddam's rule the military and paramilitary forces had a lot of power, which they used to violate many human rights. The methods used to maintain control during his rule were secret police, forced disappearances, targeted assassinations, murders, and torture. Regular reports of widespread torture and murder were reported by the Amnesty International and Human Right Watch. Many human rights organizations have documented many cases of torture, murder, approved execution, and rape during Saddam's rule between 1979 and 2003. Human rights in Saddam's rule were affected in many ways. People were executed for reasons such as supporting the opposition, or not being in favour of the President. Women were executed saying they practised prostitution and some men were executed for supporting them. Mass execution used to take place in prisons as part of a prison clean out activity. Political killing were another way of murdering people. Widespread disappearances continued to take place with hundreds of people missing. "The Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Iraq has reported that such records have been found with regard to a considerable number of persons followed, wanted or detained in northern Iraq, many of whom subsequently disappeared" (Lawson, Bertucci and Wiseberg 522). Though the Iraqi constitution prohibited torture and arbitrary arrest and detention, the military and security forces regularly

1.Examine the organisational context of your organisation, Essay

1.Examine the organisational context of your organisation, particularly its stakeholders and organisational culture. What are the key issues which enable and c - Essay Example Pepsi Inc’s overÐ °ll mission is to increÐ °se its shÐ °reholders investment. It does so by offering quÐ °lity products thÐ °t Ð °re sÐ °fe, wholesome, economicÐ °lly efficient Ð °nd environmentÐ °lly sound. It requires Ð °n orgÐ °nizÐ °tion Ð °nd working environment thÐ °t Ð °ttrÐ °cts the best people, fully develops Ð °nd chÐ °llenges their tÐ °lents, encourÐ °ges free Ð °nd spirited collÐ °borÐ °tion Ð °nd mÐ °intÐ °ins the highest stÐ °ndÐ °rds of integrity. Stakeholders are generally defined as any individuals or organizations who have the ability to directly or indirectly affect or are affected by the operations of a program. (WÐ °nous, Reichers, MÐ °lik, 2004) In Pepsi Inc there are two main distinctions concerning the type of stakeholder: internal and external. Internal stakeholders are typically all employees, and might include specific groups such as agency managers; program managers; front-line supervisors; direct-service employees; subject matter experts or occupational specialists; and evaluation, planning, and budgeting staff. External stakeholders are individuals or groups outside the organization that regularly exercise actions that can promote, inhibit, or change the operations of the organization. Types of external stakeholders who might participate include: elected officials, interest groups, union representatives, the media, customers, and citizens. Powerful externÐ °l stÐ °keholders Ð °re cÐ °pÐ °ble of dominÐ ° ting Ð °n orgÐ °nisÐ °tion’s strÐ °tegy. It is importÐ °nt to Ð °scertÐ °in eÐ °ch stÐ °keholder’s level of interest concerning the orgÐ °nisÐ °tionÐ °l purposes Ð °nd strÐ °tegic choices, Ð °nd the level of power they yield. Implementing Ð ° stÐ °keholder mÐ °pping mÐ °trix provides Ð °n insight into this, which in turn fÐ °cilitÐ °tes the understÐ °nding of Pepsi Inc’s politicÐ °l priorities. Pepsi Inc brÐ °nd nÐ °mes Ð °re Ð °mong the best-known Ð °nd most respected in the world. Some of the Pepsi Inc brÐ °nd nÐ °mes Ð °re 100 yeÐ °rs old, but the corporÐ °tion is relÐ °tively

Teacher Leaders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teacher Leaders - Essay Example of schooling, be it classroom activities, field trips, co-curricular activities, or provision of hygienic food, one important area that at times is easily looked upon and needs consideration is Homework. All other areas mentioned above are time limited and hence often are easy to deal within the constraint. However, homework is one such area for which teachers tend to have different perspectives. In fact, the same goes for the students and parents as well. Moreover, it also varies with the school level the students are belonging and therefore needs consideration accordingly. For the purpose of this paper, the school level chosen is middle level whose most common children group arrangement is from grade sixth to grade eighth. It is essential to see how this age group responds to homework. Having based on year-end surveys and classroom observation, creating a teacher-centered committee can help bring out those perspectives and align the two in order to identify areas of contradiction. Moreover, with their active involvement in suggesting remedies and attaining a mutual consensus over the best possible remedy, further implementation can take place. A simple approach towards developing up a teacher-centered committee will be to include a number of key figures that can directly affect the whole procedure of homework-policy making. The committee should have the subject teachers of each of these three grades as well as an educational psychologist as educator who can help teachers, understand how students of middle-level respond to homework and what type as well as what amount of homework should be given to them at what number of intervals. Prior to this for the head of the committee, it will be important to make up a plan for the formulation of the committee. However, even before that it will be imperative to analyze the survey results, received from the principal and derive conclusions and recommendations from the observation. This will not only help identify any

Dissertation Topic Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Dissertation Topic Proposal - Essay Example t to research because it defines not only the need for working with leaders but it also gives an opportunity to organizations to understand the coaching relationship. According to Ennis, Goodman, Hodgetts, et.a. (2005), coaching is a process and central to this process is the ability of the coach to help a leader develop to their full potential in an organization. Many organizations find that exemplary leadership must be retained in their reengineering or restructuring efforts and often the way to retain them is through fostering executive coaching. Executives bring about change, and this researcher will look at change management and how it can be implemented within a health care organization using executive coaching. Coaching executives are needed by large and small organizations to evaluate the behaviors of their employees, their attitudes at work, their level of enthusiasm and motivation and the factors that influence them to have a positive outlook towards their job According to Giglio, L & Diamante, T & Urban, J.M (1998) organizations are willing to provide a coach for senior level managers when it is perceived that the executive is in trouble, is going to be in trouble, or when the executive has isolated himself/herself from the senior level team. The time for executive coaching seems to be best done before the individual is in trouble because change usually generates from the decision making level of an organization. The change agent can be defined as a manager who is there to reconfigure an organization’s roles, responsibilities, structures and the output Saka,A(2002). Executive coaching is important to the restructuring or re-engineering of a healthcare organization in order for its leaders to move forward. In moving forward, a leader becomes a change agent who helps motivate employees, help them accept change on an ongoing basis and helps to empower the employees. The purpose of this research is the identification of the role of executive coaching

Specail education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10500 words

Specail education - Essay Example for the Pastoral Care of International Students formed under the education act of 1989.Because of this St Patrick’s School should comply with the standards of enrolling international students and to provide and include English as a curriculum as a base for education for international students. The Primary School focuses on the prime necessities like accommodation and welfare of the students and offers suitable and simple support programs on language to ensure better understanding of the concepts and improve the thought process. The School has integrated primary school for years 1 to 8 .The schools has a Decile rating as 8/10 and has been rated one of the good schools in the locality. The total number of students will be around 210 including international students who are meagre in the numbers. The School has a gender composition of 57% of boys and 43% of girls. The school is populated by 73% of New Zealand European/PÄ kehÄ  and 13% of Maori sub division and only 7% of other ethnic groups. The type of Management Structure is Top to bottom approach .The primary school comprises of team of qualified educated and experienced people to facilitate and contribute ideas and works towards the achievement of school’s strategic goals and actions. The broad categories of members are Parent representatives for providing input related to child’s perspective and critically respond on any intolerance behaviour happening in the school premises.Mr.Steve Banks is the overall in charge of the parent representative’s team and will coordinate and decide on the selection of members for the committee. Finance committee is responsible for the monitoring and reviewing the profit and loss, investment and expenses and validate the same using appropriate reports. The chair person of the Finance committee is Mrs. Louise Bishop, Mrs. David Smithson, and Mrs.Melanie Ratcliffe. The Key metrics focussed as Vision of the St.Patrick’ s primary school are Faith ,Knowledge and

Disaster Recover Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Disaster Recover Plan - Assignment Example This is usually composed of representatives from all departments in the organization with specific expertise relating to the departments they represent. In case there is need to transport certain records or equipment to a different location, the transportation team will facilitate this process. For example, in case of a natural disaster such as a flood, key equipment and documents need to be moved to a secure location. This team may also help in the movement of staff and the team members when necessary, especially for large organizations. The logistical officer will be in charge of all the supplies used in the recovery process. In case of external support, the logistical officer should make arrangements to get the support and keep all records and agreements intact. This group of people will be responsible for ensuring that the safety of personnel and equipment is guaranteed. During a disaster, it is likely that the entire organization might be exposed to greater security and safety risks. The second step is to identify the key assets within the organization and the impact of each asset. This will help the disaster recovery team understand the value of each asset to the organization and the strategies to be used in protecting that asset. In addition, this step allows the organization understand the major threats against the business assets identified. Some of these threats include terrorism, hardware failure, cyber attacks and theft among others. The implementation of the recovery plan begins during the activation planning. This process is carried out by the recovery team or part of the team. This step helps in listing those systems that need to be restored, give the time estimates required for each system to be restored and give a clear communication plan between the recovery team members or groups. During this phase, all the staff members and recovery teams have been notified. The execution phase is

Analysis Strategy of an Organization from Strategic Intent and Stretch Essay

Analysis Strategy of an Organization from Strategic Intent and Stretch Perspective - Essay Example The present discussion revolves around, the IT giant, Accenture’s strategy and its execution. Porter’s studies and contribution towards gaining an understanding and insight into strategy is regarded as highly valuable in contemporary management, and have paved way to the emergence of many businesses that have reached their pinnacle and have managed to stay there; one of them being Accenture. Porter’s studies have identified five main forces of industry competition, which can be used as the core guide to business management. Porter (2008) ascertains that the industry structure drives competition and profitability irrespective of the age of the business, policies or technology used. This, in other words, accounts for strategy adopted by the industry or business to enter the market, grow and sustain its position. Precisely, strategies help organisations to be focused towards their goals. Accenture is a global organisation that deals with and provides services in con sulting, technology and outsourcing, with about 246,000 employees in more than 100 countries. Its strategy is to become the world’s leading company in the field of consulting, technology and outsourcing by delivering high performance.... they claim, is more often achieved by imitating or copying competitors’ practices and also sometimes partnering with competitors in some way or other to share the profits. They also identified that many businesses actually adopted practices that were beyond mere replication of existing strategies and such businesses not only succeeded but also reached far fledged horizons. A good lesson for most of the businesses worldwide, this approach has indeed opened up new ways of looking at business and management. Hamel and Prahalad (1989) refer to this approach or attitude as the ‘strategic intent,’ which also indicates a specific approach to all strategy formulation and implementation that will help in treading ahead in the chosen field of industry. Accenture’s mission to become the world’s leading company by delivering high performance can be considered as its strategic intent. Harfield’s (1998) study challenged Porter’s approach to strategy and strategic management claiming the latter’s concept to be more of a myth. His study on strategic management based on the linear, adaptive and interpretative approaches provides multidimensional view to strategic management. Overall, this extensive study credits Porter for his contribution and on the other hand also claims strategic management to be much more complicated as well as resourceful, which modern management specialists can use for further construction. This anticipated potential gives rise to the concept of strategic intent, which is realized by leaders that really wish to align the actions and beliefs of all employees of an organisation towards one common challenging goal; Smith (1994, p.66) refers to such leadership attitude as the ‘Merlin Factor.’ Strategic intent is a by-product of strategic

Rise of Darkness Essay Example for Free

Rise of Darkness Essay For further understanding of the study, the proponents made use of different reading materials related to the study. Related literature and studies go deeper into certain topics and may include small but important details which will help the proponents in understanding better their chosen topic. It also serves as a guide for the proponents when comparing and analyzing the findings of the study. Related literature is written information that could have a relation or relevance to a specific topic of your research which may come in the form of books, journals, articles, and internet resources. Related studies are research that has something to do with that certain subject and may include anything used to provide any information you need on that specific subject. The review of related literature and studies provides the necessary connection between the ongoing work and studies that have been done before. It tells the proponents about well-established facts and conclusions by other authors, and gives the proponents an appreciation for previously collected evidence and the people that collected them. Review of Related Literature Like most countries in the Asian region, the Philippines recognises the significant role of gaming in increasing tourism growth, according to Naguiat (The Report: The Philippines, 2012). One of the most important considerations will be to ensure that current and future gaming developments showcase the best of the Philippines in terms of culture, locations, activities and cuisine. This study states that the Philippines recognize that an improvement in the gaming development might or can increase the tourism in the country. Action-Adventure games are a hybrid of action games and adventure games and may be the broadest type of game design in the industry, according to Briar  Lee Mitchell (Game Design Essentials; 2012). Adventure games tend to be more slowly paced and are focused primarily on storylines and problem-solving to get through the levels. When designers add some of action elements described earlier to an adventure game, players can immerse themselves in the narrative of the game, experience more and varied personality types with their avatars, and enjoy faster-paced gameplay than in an adventure game while also solving puzzles and often experiencing a detailed and elaborate storyline. Tomb Raider, God of War, and The Legend of Zelda are prime examples of action-adventure games. The above related literature describes very well what the genre is of the proposed game. The action-adventure genre leaves game developers with many options in enhancing the gameplay and storyline of a game. The propon ents seek to develop a game that performs well in these two areas. Review of Related Studies An electronic game is any interactive game operated by computer circuitry, according to Jagretta (2013). The machines, or â€Å"platforms,† on which electronic games are played include general-purpose shared and personal computers, arcade consoles, video consoles connected to home television sets, and handheld game machines. The term video game can be used to represent the totality of these formats, or it can refer more specifically only to games played on devices with video displays: television and arcade consoles. The above related study gives a good description or definition of the term video game. The game has a Multiplayer, Hunting, Solving Puzzle and running action game based, according to Marano and Suba (Stickedshock Brothers: A Two-Dimensional (2D) Local Area Network (LAN) Based Roleplaying Game (RPG) ,2013). In the multiplayer mode the user can choose if the user will use Single or Cooperative mode. The main objective of the game was to eliminate enemies, solve puzzles and save the son of their leader. The proposed game contains many similarities with the game in the above related study. Besides the difference of the proposed game not having a cooperative mode and that it is being developed for Android tablets, these two games have similarities in terms of the intended gameplay, such as puzzle and action elements. Villains are the threats and burden for the protagonist, according to Apostol and De Asis (Middletown High Misery: A Two-Dimensional Role-Playing Game, 2012). They are the ones who make the life of the protagonist difficult and dangerous. The above related study gives a good definition of what a game’s antagonist and villains are. Computer games are one of the most in demand in the market today, according to Carillo and Sagun (Twilight of the Gods: A Two-Dimensional Roleplaying Game, 2012).Through the years, gaming was one of the fastest growing industries in the market. The above related study states the fact that games are desired by many people. This is an economical significance for video games. Whether just for casual fun or competitiveness, games are in demand these days. This paper investigates strategies to generate levels for action adventure games., according to Joris Dormans (Adventures in level design: generating missions and spaces for action adventure games, 2010) This genre relies more strongly on well-designed levels than rule-driven genres such as strategy or roleplaying games for which procedural level generation has been successful in the past. The approach outlined by this paper distinguishes between missions and spaces as two separate structures that need to be generated in two individual steps. It discusses the merits of different types of generative grammars for each individual step in the process. The above related study highlights the importance of level design in the action-adventure genre of games. This aspect of gameplay has been considered before, but this study brings its importance forward. A well-designed level must engage both the player’s reflexes (action element) and problem-solving (adventure element). An attractive element of the gaming experience as a learning tool is that it provides opportunities for continued practice because negative consequences are not typically associated with failure. Rather, failure serves as an integral part of the learning experience, According to Howells Cranmer (2010) This study encourages players to improve through repeated practice by  advancing or replaying the parts of a game. In games failures can become a true gaming experience. As the industry-standard, Photoshop skills are a necessity if you want to be employable in the graphic design field, According to Sue Chastain(2013) Review of Related Readings The video game industry is an 80-billion dollar industry and is considered to be the biggest form of entertainment, according to the article ‘Philippine Government Supports Video Game Industry’ by Pineda (2013). In a global scale, it even beats TV, Music and Film Industries. Because video games are huge, governments from various countries have expressed their support for the industry. In the above related article, it is shown that video games can have an impact economically on a nation because of the size of the video game industry. Android tablets are not a dedicated gaming console, but most of the downloaded applications in the Google Play Store are in the entertainment and games category. We’re all used to looking at 2D images in everyday life, but knowing what things look good isn’t the same as understanding exactly why they they look good, according to the article ‘The Total Beginner’s Guide to Better 2D Game Art’ by Mark Simpson of gamedev.net (2013). Any 2D image can be broken down into basic elements, and you can think about creating 2D art as combining those elements in a way that 1) Looks like what you meant it to be, and 2) Is not super ugly. For example, we all know what a square and a sphere look like, but how do they fit into the process of making an identifiable character? The proposed game will use two-dimensional (2D) visuals. The proponents intend to create original visual art for the game, and the above related reading gives good tips and general instructions to keep in mind for the creation of two-dimensional game sprites and backgrounds. Even though game developers are focused on making games more immersive, all too often they throw things in the game that break the feel and remind you that you are playing a game, according to the article ‘3 Things Video Games Do Too Often To Break The Sense of Immersion’ by Dave LeClair of MakeUseof  (2012). These gameplay trappings will suck you out of the living, breathing world and remind you that it’s just a game. Unfortunately it’s hard to think of alternatives for some of these staples of games, but hopefully, with the incoming next generation of consoles, developers will find alternative ways to accomplish these actions. With the proposed game being in the action-adventure genre, good immersion into the game is one of the goals of the proponents. The storyline is an integral part of the action-adventure genre. The above related reading serves as a good guide when the intent of the game is to also be entertaining in terms of its story. â€Å"The local industry is very small right now and we’re trying to get a bigger share of the market,† says Darwin Tardio, president of the Game Development Association of the Philippines (GDAP) according to the article ‘Game on: the present and future of game development in the Philippines’ by Mardadesch (2011). â€Å"It’s booming, and can be lucrative. When GDAP started there were only four member companies. Now, three to four years later, there are 22 companies working on a lot of game projects, many of them big ones. The game development industry of the Philippines has a lot of room for growth as stated in the related article above. There are many platforms for which game developers may contribute to, and any contribution is a step forward for the game development industry. Building games for Android also contributes to the industry. If you are someone who is not conditioned by Hollywood products, someone who enjoys 2D animation because of its unexpected delights, not necessarily juvenile or always wholesome, you may find it rewarding to check out some of the above-mentioned titles, according to the article ‘Are 2D animated movies dead?’ by Zulueta (2010). If you are a 2D fan who does not always require from your movies the presence of a small animal sidekick, or a string villain to counter point the hero’s goodness, or villains that always die falling from a high place, or gags every couple of minutes just to keep your short, video game-oriented attention span riveted, then 2D animation features are still alive and kicking. The value of three-dimensional (3D) games in modern games is evident. Every advancement in technology means an increasingly accurate visual representation of reality. Yet two-dimensional  graphics are still valuable, as stated in the above related article, for adding its own unique character and feel to a game or animation. Anino Games is a third party game developer specializing in end-to-end game development for the PC, Nintendo DS, and mobile phone platforms, according to an article titled Anino Games by Valencia (2009).. Anino Games is the pioneer and largest game development studio in the Philippines, with more than 50 developers. Anino Games is a big step forward in establishing the game development industry in the Philippines. Anino Games also develops games for mobile platforms which may include Android tablets. Synthesis The review of related literature and studies is a very important part of the research process. It helps the researchers and connects the study to previous studies. It also highlights the opinions and findings of different researchers. From the related literature, the book Game Design Essentials by Briar Lee Mitchell defines wat an action-adventure game is and what are the elements that can be found in games within the genre. Games that combine elements of action and adventure games are called action-adventure games. Some of these elements are the storyline, level design, shooting and platforming, and more. From the related studies, the study ‘Touchscreen vs traditional controllers in handheld gaming’ by Zaman, Natapov and Teather examines the usability of touchscreen controls (virtual gamepads) versus traditional controllers (physical gamepads). This is important to consider as the game to be developed is for Android tablets, and most of them do not have physical controls. Because of this, it is important to have and well-designed control system for the game. From the related readings, the article ‘3 Things Video Games Do Too Often To Break The Sense of Immersion’ by Dave LeClair highlights the importance of immersion and a good storyline that is possible from video games. A good storyline can make the player want to know more about the world within the  game, and that is one goal of the proponents of it is at all possible considering the circumstances and constraints of the study.

The Effects Of Globalization On China Economics Essay

The Effects Of Globalization On China Economics Essay Globalization is the process of expanding the business into the world markets. It improves the economic growth. It includes the globalization effects to conclude the business in going global. The company entering the new market should select the market first in knowing the investment. It also shows the union of the trade cycles among the economies. Globalization keeps on raising the global phenomena figure. The countries like china benefits the new comers with the Labour costs, working environment, Resources and Customers. Going global increases the integration between the countries and the economies. China is the best option for the newcomers, as they encourage the newcomers into the market in improving the economy. During the last decade poverty is reducing regularly in china. The system in china is ruling by the communist party which rates the corruption as zero throughout the decades. According to(), Globalization facilitates the economic development of the countries involved through increased cross border flows of trade, investment, and financial capital. Firstly, the main positive effect of globalization on china is, the labour costs and working environment. The labour cost in china is completely low all the time when compared to the rest of world. Most of the manufacturing companies all over the world targets china because of their labour costs. The Chinese are the highly emerging economically because of the foreign investments considering the labour costs and manufacturing costs. China consists of many manufacturing countries due to the resources available and labour costs. The labour in china plays major role in the international business investments. The movement of labour from one place to other in china makes flexible to operate in different operational regions. Generally, every day the rural labours working in china crosses 20 millions. The expansion of world trade increases regularly. The global GDP rises by 3.5 % to 8.2% on an average per year statistics. The global production sector is taking the root in the Chinese market. Integration of financial markets is one of the positive effects on the globalization of china. Before globalization, China is very poor and less job opportunities and now it increasing rapidly. Global economy exposure from china will result in the salary cut and job loss based on the global market change. Globalization is leading to use of labours like child workers and prisoners working inhumane conditions. The culture plays the major role in china as the Chinese citizens can be more advantageous than others. The government policies for the Chinese citizens are favourable and for others it differs in starting or investing in the business. The job insecurity in the professional employees started because of the recession and also due to the competition. The globalization on china affects the peoples health in taking the food from Mc donalds and kfc restaurants. The globalization is getting beneficial for the rich to become richer and for poor becoming poorer. The pollution from the many manufacturing industries are affecting the health and causing many diseases. 2. REPORT: INTRODUCTION: Ducati, the Italian manufacturer recently started their business in china with Mr. Handel Lee a Chinese entrepreneur in the large scale retail trade. Ducati started the new generation in motorcycle grand prix in china. MARKETING STRATEGIES: The marketing strategies implemented for the Ducati entry into the Chinese market is done with three strategies. Importing bikes, accessories and spares directly from Italy and planned for opening the company outlets at Beijing and shanghai. They focussed china because of the potential growth expected. The worldwide market has proven the Ducati sales with ultimate results in selling the maximum racing bikes to the world. The second strategy is, they launched the clothing distribution with the collaboration of Three on the bund. They have opened the exclusive store at shanghai to trade Ducati Gear. Ducati Gear is running successfully with the extra ordinary sales in the market they launched. The brand name helps in improving the market sales and strategies in creating, developing and implementing. The third strategy is all about the racing (Grand Prix). The Italian trend is to follow the history set by the manufacturers. At present, Ducati the one and only manufacturer participated in the Moto GP and organised two riding schools in circuits. The two riding schools are located at Beijing and Shanghai where the bikes are provided to enjoy the ride in race. There is no demand for bikes in china, but for creating the new era. 3. THESIS STATEMENT: Brief introduction: The statement shows the positive and negative effects of globalization on china. Analysing and suggesting the way to overcome the effects of globalization on china. There are many positive and negative effects. The positive effects of globalization are to compete with the global markets of the particular product on global scale. It projects the advantage of working market place and benefits the consumers. Because of this, they may or may not do compete with the global markets. The companies also look at the market sectors in which they were better at. It means to say that the labour in china can do better in manufacturing. The labour costs are pretty low in china when compared to the other countries around. The Chinese labour preferably good at the manufacturing sector. The consumer plays the major role in the market. The labour in china may not be good at education but the way they work shows the outcomes very high. SUGGESTIONS: The China Market is getting improved from the recent years because of the foreign investors in the china market. It improves the economy and provides job opportunities for the unemployed in china. As well, the growth rate of manufacturing companies rises rapidly resulting in making the market stable. Recently, some of the companies are facing some of the issues with the government of china as it is communist party. The high level management employees are recruited or brought up from their parent countries without giving an opportunity to the Chinese citizens. The main suggestion is like, no issues on going global on china. There are many advantages than disadvantages in globalization of china. The negative effects are even considered accordingly but they can neutralise the effects on china as the resources can help the business in china. The positive effects increase the economic growth of the country. 4.ARTICLES: Article 1. Topic Effects of globalisation on China. Title of article Policy variations of multinational enterprises labor practices in China Date (current?) 2008 Name of author or organization Kenichiro Chinen, Ruth L. Wang and Chiang Wang Authors credentials: Qualifications, title, employer/affiliations Tutors College of Business Administration, California State University, Sacramento, California, USA Contents (brief summary) Supporters of globalization highlight a major increase in the standard of living for many workers in China while critics argue that the amazing economic growth has led to an increase in pollution and harsh labor conditions in the country. It appears that as firms expand globally and have more overseas experience, they comply with minimum wages, benefits, health insurance, and legal requirements in China Is the article reliable? Yes Why? It has been downloaded from emerald insight article database which is known for trusted research content and also the article points out towards more bibliographic references. Article 2. Topic Effects of globalisation on China. Title of article How Does Globalisation Affect Regional Inequality within A Developing Country? Evidence from China Date (current?) Issue 4 April 2003 Name of author or organization Xiaobo Zhang ;Kevin H. Zhang Authors credentials: Qualifications, title, employer/affiliations Researcher and Author International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Contents (brief summary) This paper develops an empirical method for decomposing the contributions of two major driving forces of globalisation, foreign trade and foreign direct investment (FDI), on regional inequality and applies it to China Is the article reliable? yes Why? The author is working with the research institute and most reviewed and rated article online. REFERENCES: http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=ox7137vOAhsCoi=fndpg=PA103dq=globalization+on+chinaots=i2uup8gFfLsig=bRiYhnchNX6JLqu8iy-cDoS5CSM#v=onepageq=globalization%20on%20chinaf=false

Good Earth Olan Essay -- Essays Papers

Good Earth Olan Throughout The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck, O-lan showed herself as a very humble woman. O-lan was a slave in the House of Hwang before her marriage was arranged by the Old Mistress of the House of Hwang. O-lan was faithful throughout the book to Wang Lung through harvest, famine, and even when Wang Lung brought home another woman. O-lan was a hard worker and worked even when no one told her to. She had wisdom that only a slave and a hardworking woman could acquire. Pearl S. Buck reveals many things that all show O-lan to be the humble woman she was. O-lan's physical appearance showed her as a very modest woman. When Wang Lung sees her, he stares at O-lan seeing that, "plain though her face was and rough the skin upon her hands the flesh of her big body was soft and untouched . . . her body was beautiful, spare, and big boned yet rounded and soft" (26). From her physical qualities, it is clear that O-lan isn't a spoiled woman who sits around all day, but a hard worker. She is described as an ugly, flat-footed, stolid-faced woman. Many times, Wang Lung secretly wishes that O-lan didn't have such big feet. During the time of this book, women's feet were bound so they would be smaller. O-lan had big feet because they were never bound. This was another aspect of Chinese life that seemed designed to make women suffer was the practice of altering the feet of girls so they could barely walk. The Chinese custom of foot binding was meant to please men esthetically and to enhance a man's status by showing he was wealthy enough for his wife or concubine not to work. O-lan said many significant things that showed her to be the modest woman she was. She was a very quiet woman. Though she spoke very few words, they meant so much. In the first part of the book, when the Ancient One asked O-lan if she was ready to head into the world with this stranger, answering in her "not loud, not soft, plain, and not ill-tempered" voice, she says, "ready" (17). Many times, O-lan is fearful of speaking. When it is the first time taking hot water to the old man, she tells Wang Lung fearfully, "'I took no tea to the Old One-I did as you said-but to you I . . .'" (27). O-lan listens well to Wang Lung, but fears that she is not doing her jobs correctly. O-lan's timidity when she first gets married is only natural for her situation. At the b... ...d" (36). Other characters in the novel said things about O-lan that showed her to be the modest woman she was. When Wang Lung was talking to his father, he said a lot shouldn't be expected of O-lan's appearance. He said, "We are farmers. Moreover, who has heard of a pretty slave who was a virgin in a wealthy house? All the young lords have had their fill of her." (18) O-lan was obviously a very bold and important woman in this novel yet never knew it. She would do what she was raised to do and try her best to make her husband happy. Through all her marriage, she helped Wang Lung to be one of the wealthiest men in his city. While O-lan endured many difficulties, she continued with her duties as wife through thick and thin. Whether it was her begging on the streets for food and money, or putting up with Lotus, her husband's concubine, O-lan remained a strong woman with good qualities until the day she died. While she usually had little to say, O-lan's impact on the Lung family is one that wont be forgotton. She accomplished all of her goals in life and fulfilled her marital duty in making Wang Lung very happy. Even after all this, O-lan still was a very modest woman.

What is an expert? Essay -- essays research papers

Currently the most prevalent is that an expert is a person who has some skill or knowledge in some domain that is matched by only a few other people. These people are thus extraordinary in some way. Anders Ericsson, probably the best known of the researchers on expertise defines expertise as Relatively stable outstanding performance.Experts are often labeled as such. People called exceptional, superior, gifted, talented, specialist, expert, etc. tend to belong to the set of experts. There is no doubt that there are large differences in the quality of performance of different people on different tasks or in different domains. We can think of this difference as a scale of expertise. Novices are those who do not perform very well, and we can move through different levels of expertise until we find some individuals that we might say are skilled or knowledgeable beyond that of almost everyone else in the world, or world class. What is the nature of this dimension? What are the categories within which this level of expertise motif applies? Becoming an expert in any domain requires experience and effort. Don Norman introduced the notion that an someone requires 10,000 hours of experience and practice for reasonably complex domains to have the possibility of being an expert. Most people seem to agree with that assessment. In order for someone to become an expert in physics, music, chess, psychology, mathematics, baseball, etc. takes many hours, even years, of hard work and practice. ***Keith Ericsson in viewing the development of expertise argued that the most important factor, perhaps even necessary and sufficient for developing expertise is deliberative practice. Deliberative practice has four properties: (1) it is at an appropriate level of difficulty, (2) the participant receives informative feedback, (3) the participant has many opportunities for repetition, and (4) the participant has th opportunity to correct for errors (from Ericsson (1996; found in Sternberg & Ben-Zeev (2001). If we focus on the process of becoming an expert rather than the claim that only a few become expert, we may come to a position I first heard from Micki Chi. Children are universal novices. They have not developed very many of the component skills needed for any domain. Decalage is the order of the day; many of the skills needed are relatively domain specific. The topics in t... ...wa workshops; Miss America candidates from Texas; Prodigies of all sorts. Winton Marsalis view on becoming an expert: commitment, listening, training, practice, confidence, independence. Component skills and knowledges. Must borrow many of them, learn to apply them in the right places, and integrate them to the new task. Some knowledge and skill must be learned from scratch. Many skills need to be developed more highly. It is possible that all of the component skills can be decomposed into simple enough parts that they are known a priori; however, expertise still requires integrating and restructuring them into usable schemata. What is the state of novice performance? Inchoate states, random trial and error, frustration, backward chaining, small units, surface form, separate nonintegrated components, bottom-up Expert performance--focused, much forward chaining, top-down, coherent and integrated, abstract organization, large units, proceduralization, integrated sequences, skillful, selective. Ericsson, K. A. (1996). The road to excellence. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Sternberg, R. J. & Ben-Zeev, T. (2001) Complex Cognition: The psychology of human thought. New York: Oxford.

Childrens Comprehension of Television Messages Essay -- Children Tele

Children's Comprehension of Television Messages The literature surveyed so far regarding children's attention to television has relied on observation of visual attention by the child viewers. Measures of visual attention alone do not provide an indication of what aspects of the message children are extracting from the television screen. In order to acquire indications of this, researchers have relied on post-viewing measures of children's recognition and recall of information from the program. This research will be considered in this section on children's understanding of television messages. Here the concern is not with what children are looking at and listening to, but what they remember from the TV and what meaning the TV content has for them. Much of the research which has adopted a cognitive developmental perspective on studies of children and television has examined children's comprehension of television messages. The underlying assumption of these studies is that children bring different cognitive abilities and social experiences to the TV-viewing situation and that these influence how children made sense of the messages. Younger children with more limited inference-making ability are more likely to focus on the consequences of actions rather than the motivations of the actors, and often are shown to construe the television plot line quite differently from children and adults. The way in which children construe meaning from television cannot be directly inferred from cognitive development theory. Cognitive development theory may aid us in describing how children make sense of television, but we should examine children's understanding of television directly. How, then, has cognitive development the... ...hat appropriate learning materials will be developed to teach children about the medium of television, both its programming and advertising content. Such materials should help children overcome their misunderstandings of television messages. By improving the skills children bring to the viewing situation we may be able to moderate the impact television has on the child. NOTES The argument advanced here does not mean to imply, however, that children are as active when watching television as they are when engaged in athletics or doing other sorts of activities. Activity here is relative. Multidimensional scaling is a statistical technique that looks at how subject's ratings of a variety of variables group together; that is, it seeks to determine underlying dimensions which describe the relationship among a set of variables for a given group of subjects.

Book review: Drew Magary’s PostMortal Essay

The Postmortal starts with whispers that an anti-aging cure has been discovered. This is similar to the human capacity enhancement proposal speculated in chapter 3 of Dickenson’s bioethics. Also, we see similar proposal play out in the chapters of More and Vita-More’s Transhumanist Reader, where technology is speculated to be used to stop aging process, enhance human intelligent, capability and agility. More even goes a step further to propose ‘the Posthumanist’ – overcoming the limitations that describe the less desirable aspects of human condition – a life devoid of disease, aging and death. However, the Postmortal cure does not prevent someone from getting sick, diseases or even dying from accident, rather it merely stops the body from ageing. That means a 27 year old that gets the treatment will have the same body and physical appearance and fitness until the day they die. The United States government instantly prohibits it for three decad es, providing them an ample opportunity to research it and comprehend the effects better. At this time, pro-cure and pro-death protesters were fighting more and more aggressively for and against the cure respectively. Just like the religious right fought against the stem cell research in chapter 6 of Dickenson’s bioethics in 2001, the religious devotees’ fight against the anti-aging cure and the Vatican issues a condemnation against it. Underground treatments known as black market cure were being perpetuated. Eventually John Farrell, the narrator got the cure at one of these underground markets. Within two weeks or there about, he convinced his friend to get the treatment and thereafter encountered a couple of tragic events associated with a mysterious woman that influenced his emotions throughout the story. Finally, the cure was legalized. The novel includes how things regarding love, marriage, and the law and government changes overtime. Marriage became endangered because the fundamental premise of marriage â€Å"till death do us part† has been considerably altered. John’s law firm devised a new form of marriage called ‘cyclical marriage,’ – a 40-year term marriage which involves an obligation to live together as husband and wife for 40 years, with an option to  separate (with evenly split assets) or to renew the marriage for another 40 years at the end of the contract. The cure nearly brought marriage to a halt and love undermined as most people believe there is a greater chance of separation for a new lover. Mr. Farrell prefers not getting married to his lover who is pregnant with his baby but only choses to take care of the child. As things change around the world, he continues to document his life experiences. A new form of worship is discovered whereby man is seen as the god of his own and ruler of the earth. A lot of people become outlaws and selfish; others become religious enthusiasts; while some others chose to refrain from getting the cure. Throughout the course of the book, the government gradually loses control over her citizens. Different laws are passed to expand death penalty to include giving â€Å"lee-way† to people who wish to die in a legal way without the need of committing suicide but which is of course morally wrong. The other detailed problems consist of jails, how to provide housing to people and basic necessities, as well as how to deal with countries that have become military powerhouses. Similar moral violation was seen in bioethics where executed Chinese prisoners’ kidneys are harvested for sale to wealthy westerners; the Tuskegee and Guatemala experiments by the US Public Health in chapter 7; and the surrogate motherhood and egg selling in chapter 2. All these practices, in one way or the other violate morality at the very least.  As the story continues to unfold in the book, Mr. Ferrell falls in love again which also results in another tragic incident. Over and over again he tries to find joy but has his hopes dashed, signifying the fact that the ‘cure’ for ageing is not really a great thing in many ways. As the United States becomes unsafe, Russia and third-world nations assume control of surrounding nations and Chinese starts acquiring nuclear weapons to get rid of certain populations. Pregnant woman are punished because people hate the idea of conception and child birth. A war over Antarctica begins and chaos sets in. Meanwhile in totalitarian societies like China and Russia, the government takes undue advantage of the looming prospect of an exploding and forever  young world population in the face of diminishing resources. Russia forms a strong and formidable army with eternally young soldiers; China cuts herself off from the rest of the world, while the United States plummets into widespread class warfare while terrorism is on the high side as people kill at will. It’s baffling how much of these are conceivable. At the end of the story, nuclear weapons are dropped on the coast of California where Mr. Farrell tries to elude the attack with his lover. But unfortunately the man is stabbed as they try to make their way to a safer ground. The injury is so severe that he bleeds so immensely and regrettably the end is here for him. Meanwhile as he gradually makes an inroad to a new world, he releases that there is no such thing as immortality. However, his lover is expected to survive. Nicholas Agar in his book, Humanity’s End, objected similar enhancement proposal. From my understanding of the chapters, many of his objections are based on the premise that, for any action whose outcome is uncertain and perhaps bad, we ought to presume that the worst could happen, and work to address all conceivable exigencies before proceeding further. Thus, going by the fantasy (the story), we have seen how a cure that is rather an everlasting treasure in the hearts of many has turned out to be the greatest nightmare of all time to the society. Perhaps, if the world had applied due diligence (as noted in Agar’s book) before legalizing such cure, these problems could have been avoided. The book is an awesome read because it raises one’s curiosity as you go further. You are eager to know what happens next and how things will unfold. It is a story that could very well happen. Most of the events in the book are also plausible reactions that the world could very well experience. The first two parts of the book are intriguing as the world goes through a dramatic change with the recognition of the cure, and I admired the tension that arose between pro-death and pro-cure groups. Again, similar religious protest was seen in Chapter 3 of Dickenson’s bioethics where religious movements fought against stem cell research and funding to a halt. Although the ban on its funding was later rescinded by President Obama, but the issue  is still contested in courts. However, one minor issue that I hope to point out is: for a story that started out in 2019 and runs through 2079, technology did not advance that much. Apart from a few inventions like plug-in cars mentioned in the book and which even has same level of sophistication as today’s plug-ins (charging duration of 48 hours), technological innovation seems to be frozen for several decades. One would expect that the significant population explosion expressed in the book would be accompanied by a robust ‘capacity building’ and technological development that is aimed at addressing the problems of a few extra billion population of people around the world, rather technology seems stagnant in this book.

China and Western Religious Beliefs Essay

In the early human social, Religious includes world explanation, judicial, moral cultivation and mental comfort, and other functions. In modern society, science and judicial have separated from some religious, but the moral training and mental comfort function will continue to exist. Religion’s belief systems and social groups are an important part of human thought culture and social form. 1.1 The History of Christianity The History of Christianity is the study of the religion started by a Jewish prophet from Nazareth named Jesus. Christianity would grow into one of the world’s major religions, impacting all other religions and changing the course of human history. Christian history mainly concerns the Christian religion and Church, up to contemporary times and denominations. Christianity differs most significantly from the other Abrahamic religions in its claim that Jesus Christ is God the Son. The vast majority of Christians believe in a triune God consisting of three unified and distinct persons: Father, Son and the Holy Spirit. Throughout its history, the religion has weathered schisms and theological disputes that have resulted in many distinct churches. The largest branches of Christianity are the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Protestant Churches. Christianity began spreading initially from Jerusalem, and then throughout the Near East, ultimately becoming the state religion of Armenia in 301 , of Ethiopia in 325,of Georgia in 337, and then the State church of the Roman Empire in 380. Becoming common to all of Europe in the Middle Ages, it expanded throughout the world during Europe’s Age of Exploration. Christianity has thus become the world’s largest religion. 1.2 The History of china religious Confucianism, also known as Confucianism, the Confucian doctrine, otherwise known as Confucianism, but does not refer to religion. Confucius as the master of Confucianism, so there is called Confucianis. Confucian classics formed in times of Confucius, but in different age the interpretation of Confucian classics are very different, so it is difficult get a comprehensive define to the Confucian. Essence of Confucianism can be said of social ethics and social management, ethics, or religious interpretation, but not the religion. Ming and Qing dynasties look the Neo-Confucianism that formed in Song Dynasty as official theory so the Neo-Confucianism has spread as mainstream of Confucianism. Comparison between Chinese and English religious beliefs 2.1 The Similarities They have the same background, the Christian was created When the Jews were ruled by The Roman Empire, Jews look forward to a person just like the farseer said who can take them moving towards freedom. While China, Confucianism and Taoism are created when the people were suffering in pain during the Warring States period, 2.2 The Differences 1. Separation of Man and God in Western religions and unity of that in China original sin is the foundation of Christian theory and practice . Because human ancestors, Adam and eva had sinned, corrupt moral invaded their body, and Transmitted to their descendants, the result is men are guilty, all mankind have sin. because of this people are bound to die, and will were punished in all their life. We can see from the original sin all things of Christianity are classified into two worlds: the human world and God’s world. Person’s world is a world separated from God, and human’s world depends on God’s world, so everything is the communication between the two worlds and its results. Obviously, Christianity preached that man and God, the separation of man and nature. While Chinese religion would emphasize that the harmony between man and nature, issues of life within a confined themselves, to solve problems with people- oriented. 2. Monotheism of western religions and pluralism of China religions Christianity is a strictly monotheistic, think that there only have one master of the universe that is God. According to predetermined level of order and purpose God arrange things of the universe. God as God, but also the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Starting this belief, the Christian establish a complete doctrine including Doctrine of God, creationism, human nature, original sin of Christ on, Salvation. Understanding the knowledge and stories of â€Å"Bible† is a very important part of the western cultural training. Therefore after the formation of Christianity it gradually established a fixed, unified values ​​and outlook on life. Those are met with the religious teaching, whether the regulation or the modern thoughts can not be divorced from the relationship with this religious. In practice, Christianity also starting from system to establish unified church organization such as church in urban and rural areas for christians to pray. China’s religious has given people great freedom, so that people can hold religious sentiment in their hearts. Therefore, the God most Chinese people worship is not uniform. Most Chinese people do not belong to a religious organization, however, are more or less exist a unified spirit from Confucianism Buddhism and Taoism. The religious traditions in China, Confucianism has constituted the soul of Chinese culture in the long course of historical development. Many thinkers and politicians in China are based on the Confucian sense of responsibility to pursue truth, to maintain the orthodox and the implementation of reforms. On the other hand, in addition to Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, the Chinese folk religion and worship of God is also very much prosperity and universal, various gods are the object that believers worship incense. the strong contrast between the conceptual life and practical life resulted in the loss of religious values ​​and alienation in China, and also led to the emergence and spread of a variety of primitive superstitious beliefs and event. It caused abnormal development of the spiritual life, so that a heavy burden put on the reality of Chinese culture, many people have a spiritual emptiness

Electromechanical Energy Conversion

Introduction Chapter 3 Electromechanical Energy Conversion Topics to cover: 1. Introduction 3. Force and Torque 5. Friction 2. Electro-Motive Force (EMF) 4. Doubly-Excited Actuators 6. Mechanical Components Introduction (Cont. ) For energy conversion between electrical and mechanical forms, electromechanical devices are developed. In general, electromechanical energy conversion devices can be divided into three categories: – Transducers (for measurement and control), which transform signals of different forms. Examples are microphones, pickups, and speakers Force producing devices (linear motion devices), which produce forces mostly for linear motion drives, such as relays, solenoids (linear actuators), and electromagnets. – Continuous energy conversion equipment, which operate in rotating mode. A device would be known as a generator if it convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, or as a motor if it does the other way around (from electrical to mechanical). Lor entz Force & EMF Lorentz force is the force on a point charge due to electromagnetic fields. It is given by the following equation in terms of the electric and magnetic fieldsF ? q(E? v? B) The induced emf in a conductor of length l moving with a speed v in a uniform magnetic field of flux density B can be determined by a e ? ?v? B? ? dl ? b In a coil of N turns, the induced emf can be calculated by e ? ? Concept map of electromechanical system modeling d? dt where ? is the flux linkage of the coil and the minus sign indicates that the induced current opposes the variation of the field. It makes no difference whether the variation of the flux linkage is a result of the field variation or coil movement. EMF EMF – Example: EMF in a Linear Actuator – Example SolutionSketch L(x) and calculate the induced emf in the excitation coil for a linear actuator shown below. Assuming infinite permeability for the magnetic core and ignore the fringing effect, we can express the self inductance of the coil as L? x ? ? where Rg ? x? ? N2 ?o N 2 l ?d ? x? ? Rg ? x ? 2g L(x) L(0) 2g ?o ? d ? x? l O is the air gap reluctance. ? e? ? N 2l d? d ? Li ? di dL dx di ? ? L ? i =L? x ? ? i o v 2g dt dt dt dx dt dt EMF – A Single Conductor in a Uniform Field e ? ? I dc If i=Imsin? t , e? Force and Torque – Example Solution (Cont. ) If i=Idc , ?o N 2 l 2g ? Im ? Im ?o N 2l 2gFor a single conductor in a uniform magnetic field, we have v ? d ? x I m cos ? t ? vI m sin ? t ?o N l 2 2g ?o N 2 l 2g d Fm ? Il ? B ?o N 2 l In a rotating system, the torque about an axis can be calculated by 2g d ? x cos? t ? v sin ? t ? ? T? r ? Fm v ? ? ? ? d ? x ? ? ? ? d ? x ? 2 ? 2 ? v 2 cos t ? arctan? ? where r is the radius vector from the axis towards the conductor. B Fm l I X Force and Torque – A Singly Excited Actuator Consider a singly excited linear actuator. After a time interval dt, we notice that the plunger has moved for a distance dx under the action of the force F.The mechanical work done by the force acting on the plunger during this time interval is thus dWm ? Fdx Force and Torque – A Singly Excited Actuator The amount of electrical energy that has been transferred into the magnetic field and converted into the mechanical work during dt is dWe ? dWf ? dWm ; dWe ? eidt ? vidt? Ri2dt e ? d? dt ? v ? Ri Because dWf ? dW ? dW ? eidt ? Fdx ? id? ? Fdx e m we obtain From the total differential dW f ? ? , x ? ? ? W f , x ? i? Therefore, ? W f , x ? d? ? and ? W f , x ? ?x F dx ?W f ? ? , x ? ?x Force and Torque Force and Torque – A Singly Excited Actuator (Cont. ) A Singly Excited Actuator (Cont. ) From the knowledge of electromagnetics, the energy stored in a magnetic field can be expressed as ? Wf ? ? , x? ? ? i? ? , x? d? In the diagram below, it is shown that the magnetic energy is equivalent to the area above the magnetization or ? -i curve. Mathematically, if we define the area underneath the magnetization curve a s the coenergy (which does not exist physically), i. e. 0 For a magnetically linear (with a constant permeability or a straight line magnetization curve such that the inductance of the coil is independent of the excitation current) system, the above expression becomes 1 ? Wf ? ?, x? ? 2 L? x? and the force acting on the plunger is then F ?Wf ? ?, x? ?x 1 ? ? ? dL? x? 1 2 dL? x? ?i 2 ? L? x? ? dx 2 dx ? 2 we can obtain Wf ‘ ? i, x? ? i? ?Wf , x? ? Wf (? , x ) dW f ‘ ? i , x ? ? ? di ? id? ? dW f ? ? , x ? ? ? di ? Fdx Therefore, ? ?W f ‘ ? i , x ? ?i ? W f ‘ ? i , x ? ?i di ? and ?W f ‘ ? i , x ? ?x F? dx ? W f ‘ ? i , x ? ?x (? , i ) Wf ‘ ( i, x ) O i Force and Torque Force and Torque – A Singly Excited Actuator (Cont. ) – Example 1 Calculate the force acting on the plunger of a linear actuator as shown below. From the definition, the coenergy can be calculated by iWf ‘ ? i , x? ? ? ? ? i , x? di ? 0 Wf ‘ ? i, x? ? ? (? , i ) Wf (? , x ) For a magnetically linear system, the above expression becomes Rg 1 L? x? i 2 2 Ni Wf ‘ ( i, x ) Rg and the force acting on the plunger is then F? ?Wf ‘ ? i , x ? ?x 1 dL? x ? ? i2 dx 2 O i (c) Force and Torque Force and Torque – Singly Excited Rotating Actuator – Solution to Example 1 Assume infinite permeability for the actuator core. The self inductance of the excitation winding can be readily obtained as L? x? ? N 2 ? o N 2l? d ? x? ? 2Rg 2g Therefore, the force acting on the plunger is F? ? Rg Ni ?l 1 2 dL ? x ? 2 i ? ? o ? Ni ? 2 dx 4gThe minus sign of the force indicates that the direction of the force is to reduce the displacement so as to reduce the reluctance of the air gaps. Since this force is caused by the variation of magnetic reluctance of the magnetic circuit, it is known as the reluctance force. Rg The singly excited linear actuator becomes a singly excited rotating actuator if the linearly movable plunger is repla ced by a rotor. Through a derivation similar to that for a singly excited linear actuator, one can readily obtain that the torque acting on the rotor can be expressed as the negative partial derivative of the energy stored in the agnetic field against the angular displacement or as the positive partial derivative of the coenergy against the angular displacement. Force and Torque Solution b) Voltage induced – Example †¢ The magnetically-linear electro-mechanical circuit breaker as shown is singly-excited via a N-turn coil. Its magnetic reluctance varies with the angle ? as R ? Rm? ? R0 , where Rm and R0 are constant. †¢ Derive the torque developed by the field from the system co-energy. †¢ When the device is excited with a direct current i=I, the angular displacement increases quadratically as ? ?t ? ? 1 ? t 2 ? ?t ? ? 0 , 2 where ? ? and ? 0 are constant. Find the voltage induced in the coil . Singly Excited Rotating Actuator Total turns, N = N1 + N2 Frame relu ctance Rf ? rf 2 Gap reluctance Rg ? 2rg ? ? lf 2? 0 ? r wd 2lg ?0rd (2? ? ? ) , 2? ? 760 ? 1. 33 rad Rg(? ) Rcore ?g Rarmature Fm=Ni e(t ) ? ? N 2 IRm (? t ? ? ) [ R0 ? Rm 1 ? t 2 ? ?t ? ? 0 ]2 2 ? Singly Excited Rotating Actuator ? Singly Excited Rotating Actuator airgap length, lg = 0. 001 m airgap radius, r = 0. 0745 m airgap depth, d = 0. 0255 m frame length lf = 0. 496 m limb width w = 0. 024 m Singly Excited Rotating Actuator ? (? ) ? T? ? NI R f ? Rg (? ) lf Rf ? 2 ? ? r wd Magnetic flux at equilibrium : ? NI ?0 ? ? ? R (? ) ? R f ?g ? ? ?0 NI lf 2 ? 0 ? r wd ? lg ?0rd? ? , Rg ? 2l g ?W f? ? ? ? N2 ? ?, ? R (? ) ? R ? f? ?g dRg dRg 2l g sign(? ) , where ? d? d? ?0 rd (2? ? ? )2 1 2 ? L(? ) 1 2 ? I ?I 2 2 122 ?1 IN 2 ?Rg (? ) ? R f ? 2 2l Rr sign(? ) 1 ? ? I 2N 2 , where Rr ? g 2 2 ?0 rd 4 ?Rg (? ) ? R f ? (2? ? ? ) ?0 rd (2? ? ? ) Restoring Torque ?1, x ? 0 sign ( x ) ? ? 1, x ? 0 NI? 0d lf l ?g 2 ? r w r? Force and Torque Singly Excited Rotating Actuator – Sing ly Excited Rotating Actuator (Cont. ) Torque Nm Flux mWb Flux, Torque for 2-pole motorEnergy In g eneral, 1. 5 Coenergy dW f ? id? ? Td ? dW f ‘ ? ? di ? Td ? ? i W f ? ? , ? ? ? ? i ? ? , ? ?d ? W f ‘ ? i , ? ? ? ? ? ?i , ? ?di ?W f ? ? , ? ? i? ?W f ? ? , ? ? T ?W f ‘ ? i , ? ? ?i ?W f ‘ ? i , ? ? T? 0 1. 0 mWb, Nm 0. 5 0 If the permeability is a constant, W f , ? ? ? 0. 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 rotor angle 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 1 ? 2 2 L ? 1 ? ? ? dL ? 1 2 dL ? ?i 2 ? L ? ? d ? 2 d? ? ? W f ‘ ? i , ? ? ? 2 T? T? 12 i L ? 2 1 2 dL ? i 2 d? Force and Torque Force and Torque – Doubly Excited Rotating Actuator – Doubly Excited Rotating Actuator (Cont. If a second winding is placed on the rotor, the singly excited actuator becomes a doubly excited actuator. The general principle for force and torque calculation discussed here is equally applicable to multi-excited systems. The differential energy and coenergy functions can be derived as dW f ? dWe ? dWm where dWe ? e1i1dt ? e2 i2 dt , e1 ? d? 1 dt , e2 ? d ? 2 dt , and dWm ? Td ? Hence, dW f 1 , ? 2 , ? ? ? i1d ? 1 ? i2 d ? 2 ? Td ? ? and ? W f 1 , ? 2 , ? ? ? W f 1 , ? 2 , ? ? ? W f 1 , ? 2 , ? ? d ? 1 ? d ? 2 ? d? 1 2 ? ? dW f ‘ ? i1 , i 2 , ? ? ? d i1 ? 1 ? i 2 ? 2 ? W f ? 1 , ? 2 , ? ? ? ?1 di1 ? ?2 di 2 ? T d ? ? ? W f ‘ ? i1 , i 2 , ? ? Therefore, T ? i1 di1 ? ? W f ‘ ? i1 , i 2 , ? ? ?Wf 1 , ? 2 , ? ? ? i2 or di 2 ? T? ? W f ‘ ? i1 , i 2 , ? ? Force and Torque – Doubly Excited Rotating Actuator (Cont. ) – Example 3 ? ? L? 1 For magnetically linear systems, ? ? 1 ? ? L11 ? ? ? L ? 2? ? 21 L 1 2 ? ? i1 ? L 22 ? ?i2 ? ? ? i1 ? ? ? 11 ?i ? ? ? ? ? 2? ? 21 or ? 1 2 ? ? ? 1 ? ? 22 ? ? ? 2 ? ? The magnetic energy and coenergy can then be expressed as W f ? ?1 , ? 2 , ? ? ? Therefore, d? ? W f ‘ ? i1 , i2 , ? ? Force and Torque and 1 1 2 ? 1 1 ? 12 ? 2 2 ? 2 ? ? 1 2 ? 1 ? 2 2 2 W f ‘ ? i 1 , i 2 , ? 1 1 L 1 1 i 12 ? L i 2 ? L 1 2 i1i 2 2 2 22 2 ? W f ‘ ? i 1 , i 2 , ? ? 1 2 d L 1 1 ? 1 2 d L 2 2 ? d L 1 2 ? ? i1 ? i2 ? i1i 2 2 2 T ?W f 1 , ? 2 , ? ? ? A magnetically-linear doubly-fed electromechanical actuator has two windings and a mechanical output with spatial rotary displacement ?. The self and mutual inductances of the windings are respectively L11 ? ? 5 ? cos(2? ) mH, L22 ? ? 50 ? 10 cos(2? ) mH, and L12 ? ? L21 ? ? 100 cos? mH. Brushless doubly-fed machine The first winding is supplied with i1 = 1. A while the second winding draws i2 = 20 mA. Determine: a) The general electromagnetic torque of the actuator as a function of ? . b) The maximum torque that the actuator can develop. Solution to Example 3 (a) Solution to Example 3 (cont. ) The  energy  stored  at  the  doubly? fed  actuator  is, 1 1 2 2 W f ? L11i1 ? L12 i1i2 ? L22 i2 2 2 1 1 ?3 2 ?3 2 ? (5 ? cos 2? ) ? 10 i1 ? (0. 1cos? )i1i2 ? (50 ? 10 cos 2? ) ? 10 i2 2 2 The  ex pression  of  electromagnetic  torque  is  obtained  as  follows:   ? ?W f (i1 , i2 ,? ) T ? i1 ? 1. 5, i2 ? 0. 02 ? 2 2 1 ? (i1 L11 ) ? (i1i2 L12 ) 1 ? (i2 L22 ) ? ? ? 2 2 1 1 (1. 5) 2 ( ? 2 sin 2? ) ? 10 ? 3 ? (1. 5)(0. 02)(? 0. 1sin ? ) ? (0. 02) 2 ( ? 20 sin 2? ) ? 10 ? 3 2 2 ?3 ? ? ( 2. 25 sin 2? ? 3 sin ? ) ? 10 Why Magnetic Field? Ratio of Electric and Magnetic Energy Densities in the air gap we ? 0 ? 0 E 2 1 ? ? wm B2 3. 6 ? 10 5 †¢ Saturation Flux Density Bs = 2T in commonlyused magnetic materials †¢ Air breakdown voltage Ebd=1,000,000 V/m b) At  maximum  torque, dT ?0 d? Differentiating  T  from  part  (a), 4. 5 cos 2? ? 3 cos ? ? 0 ? 1. 5 cos 2? ? cos ? ? 0 or               1. 5( 2 cos 2 ? ? 1) ? cos? ? 0 Solving  for  ? by  the  quadratic  formula, ?  =  55. 94 °Ã‚  and  153. 25 °Ã‚  (extraneous)Substituting  the  value  of  ? into  the  torque  expression  yields, T(max) ? ?(2. 25 s in 2(55. 94) ? 3 sin(55. 94)) ? 10 ? 3 ? ?4. 57 ? 10 ? 3 Nm Electric Machines †¢ Electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical motion. †¢ The reverse task, that of converting mechanical motion into electrical energy, is accomplished by a generator or dynamo. †¢ In many cases the two devices differ only in their application and minor construction details, and some applications use a single device to fill both roles. For example, traction motors used on locomotive often perform both tasks if the locomotive is equipped with ynamic brakes. Introduction Electric Motors Electric Machine Insulation Class DC Motors Universal (DC/AC) AC Motors †¢ Induction †¢ Synchronous Stepping Motors Brushless DC Motors Coreless DC Motors Linear Motors MEMS Nano Motors †¢ A critical factor in the reduced life of electrical equipment is heat. The type of insulation used in a motor depends on the operating temperature that the motor will experience. †¢ Average insulation life decreases rapidly with increases in motor internal operating temperatures. †¢ Electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical motion: Lorentz force on any wire when it is onducting electricity while contained within a magnetic field †¢ Rotor: rotating part †¢ Stator: stationary part †¢ Armature: part of the motor across which the voltage is supplied MaglevMagnetic Levitation Three phase AC induction motors rated 1 Hp (750 W) and 25 W with small motors from CD player, toy and CD/DVD drive reader head traverse DC Generators / Dynamos AC Generators / Alternators As the first electrical generator capable of delivering power for industry, the dynamo uses electromagnetic principles to convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through the use of a commutator.Without a commutator, the dynamo is an example of an alternator, which is a synchronous singly-fed generator. With an electromechanical commutator, the dynamo is a classical direct current (DC) generator. The DC generator can operate at any speed within mechanical limits but always outputs a direct current waveform. Mechanical energy is used to rotate the coil (N turns, area A) at uniform angular velocity ? in the magnetic field B, it will produce a sinusoidal emf in the coil: Permanent Magnet DC Generators d? d ? ? ( NBA cos ? ) dt dt ? NBA? sin ? t e(t ) ? ? http://micro. magnet. fsu. edu/electromag/java/generator/dc. tml Automotive alternator Rotor emf and current are induced by rotating magnetic field http://micro. magnet. fsu. edu/electromag/java/generator/ac. html Mechanical Components Mechanical Components – Mass and Inertia The mechanical component which stores kinetic energy is a mass in a translational system, and a moment of inertia in a rotational system. – Mass and Inertia (Cont. ) The kinetic energy stored by a mass moving at a velocity v, or a moment of inertia rotating at an angular speed ?. can be calculated by ? x M T F J Wk ? 1 Mv2 2 d? d 2? T? J 2 ? J dt dt dv d 2x F? M ?M dt 2 dt 1 J? 2 2 (translational system) rotational system) Comparing with the relationships of voltage, current, and magnetic energy in an inductor: V? L By the Newton’s second law, we have Wk ? or di dt and WL ? 1 Li2 2 we may regard a mass or a moment of inertia as an inductor which stores magnetic energy, if we let J? L M? L or Mechanical Components Mechanical Components – Springs An ideal spring is a device with negligible mass and mechanical losses, whose deformation is a single-valued function of the applied force or torque. A linear ideal spring has deformation proportional to force or ? 1 torque. – Springs (Cont. ) For a given distortion of x and ? the potential energy stored in a spring is 1 1 W p ? ? Td ? ? K ? 2 W p ? ? Fdx ? Kx 2 T x1 F ? K ? x 1 ? x o ? ? Kx (linear spring) (torsional spring) Comparing with the relationships of electric charge, voltage and electric energy in a capacito r: Q V? C F 2 2 WC ? and 1 1 Q2 VQ ? 2 2C we may regard a spring as an electric capacitor which stores electric potential energy, if we let T ? K 1 ? ?o ? ? K ? K? 1 C Friction Friction Modelling Friction: force that opposes the relative motion or tendency of such motion of two surfaces in contact. Friction between the two objects converts kinetic energy into heat.Coefficient of friction (Frictional coefficient): dimensionless scalar value which describes the ratio of the force of friction between two bodies and the force pressing them together, needs not be less than 1 – under good conditions, a tire on concrete may have a coefficient of friction of 1. 7. Static friction (stiction) occurs when the two objects are not moving relative to each other: Rolling friction occuring when one object â€Å"rolls† on another (like a car's wheels on the ground), is stiction as the patch of the tire in contact with the ground, at any point while the tire spins, is stationary relati ve to the ground.Kinetic (or dynamic) friction occurs when two objects are moving relative to each other and rub together: – Sliding friction is when two objects are rubbing against each other. – Fluid friction is the friction between a solid object as it moves through a liquid or a gas. The drag of air on an airplane or of water on a swimmer are two examples of fluid friction. Lu-Gre Model (1995): ? 0 , ? 1 bristles’ stiffness and damping coefficient ?2 viscous friction FC , F S Coulomb and Stribeck friction ? F f ? ? 0 z ? ? 1z ? ? 2v ? z? v? v z g (v ) 2 1 g (v ) ? [ FC ? ( F S ? FC ) e ? v / v S ) ] ?0 Mechanical Components Mechanical Components – Damper The mechanical damper is analogous to electrical resistor in that it dissipates energy as heat. An ideal damper is a device that exhibits no mass or spring effect and exerts a force that is a function of the relative velocity between its two parts. A linear ideal damper has a force proportional to the relative velocity. In all cases a damper produces a force that opposes the relative motion of the two parts. Mechanical friction occurs in a variety of situations under many different physical conditions.Sometimes friction is unwanted but must be tolerated and accounted for analytically, as, for example, in bearings, sliding electrical contacts, and the aerodynamic drag on a moving body. In other cases friction is desired and is designed into equipment. Examples are vibration dampers and shock absorbers. d ? x2 ? x1 ? dt dx ?B dt F? B ? B? R d 2 ? ?1 ? dt d? ?B dt T? B – Damper (Cont. ) Mechanical Components Mechanical Components – Damper (Cont. ) The damping due to Coulomb friction, as shown by the characteristic, can be regarded as a nonlinear resistor, which can keep the voltage across it to be constant.The Coulomb friction force can be expressed as – Damper (Cont. ) There is another kind of damping caused by the drag of a viscous fluid in turbulent flow. 2 F ? ? Bs d x2 ? x1 dt F ? ?d Fn ? ? d Fn d ? x2 ? x1 ? dt ? ? ? Bs dx dt d ? x2 ? x1 ? dt ? 2 ? R ? B s dx dt dx dt ? dx dt or T ? ? Bs d 2 ? ?1 ? dt Comparing with V=RI, we may conclude that ?F R? d n dx dt ? ? ? Bs d? dt ? ? 2 2 ? R ? B s d ? dt MR Dampers as a semi-active device MR Damper New Models Non-symmetrical Model (2007) ? F ( x) ? c0 x ? ko ( x ? x0 ) ? ?z ? ? ? z ? (? ? ( ? ? ? sign( zx) z ) x n : hysteresis variable, ? , ? , ? , ? , n, c0 , k0 : model parameters Bouc-Wen Model: ? F ( x ) ? c0 x ? k o ( x ? x0 ) ? ? z ? ? ? ? z ? ? ? z | x || z | n ? 1 ? ? x | z | n ? ? x z: hysteresis variable , ? , ? , ? , ? , n , c 0 , k 0 : model parameters Static Hysteresis Model (2006) ? F ( x) ? cx ? kx ? ?z ? f 0 ? z ? tanh( ? x ? sign( x)) z : hysteresis variable, ? , ? , f 0 , c, k : model parameters Minimally-Parameterised Model (2007) ? F : G ( x ) ? D ( x ), F ( x) ? ? 1 ? F2 : G ( x ) ? D ( x ), b G ( x) ? a ? ? 1 ? exp ( cx ) ? D ( x ) ? rexp{? ( x / 2? ) 2 } ? 0 x ? 0, x

Individual Report (50%)

You are required to prepare a report for management, recommending that the Company enter into a new overseas market (defined as a country or large region within it) and outline the main features of the marketing plan. The new market that you recommend is your choice but it must not be one where the Company is already present. The report should be 3000 words max and the hand in date is 13th March 2013 via Blackboard before 12 noon. Your recommendation needs to contain the following:1 Reasons for selection of new market for entry by the Company 2.Alternative markets which were candidates and reasons not selected 3 Proposed market entry strategy, including rationale 4 Outline of recommended marketing mix. Assessment criteria * Knowledge of theory underpinning internationalisation of marketing * Demonstration of the ability to develop appropriate solutions for differing market circumstances * Evaluation of options and justification of recommendations * Use of references, and professional standard of the report The critical points to remember are: 1 Answer all 4 questions and ensure that you answer the questions stated.All questions are equally important but do not necessarily use the same number of words. Do not spend so much time on one question to the detriment of another. Use common sense. 2 The questions are interrelated and you can refer to previous sections to improve the links so that the report flows well. 3 Your marketing mix must make sense with your proposals and with the other parts of the mix. E. g. it is nonsense to suggest that a brand which is positioned as say luxury and High end utilises an everyday low value pricing strategy. Try to be succinct and do not include great parts of research reports. These should be referred to and used to support your arguments. Remember answer the question using your research and analysis not the other way around.5 Use theory and research appropriately to support your justifications and recommendations. Suggested re port structure 1 Introduction – state the company, where they operate now the new country product range/brand and outline of the report. This is very important to set the scene of the report. Do not write the history of the company. Justification for country x Using your research and analysis propose reasons for your selection of the new market to enter. A competitive analysis should be evident. Refer to appropriate theory and reference. 3 Alternative market(s) rejected – suggest markets that were considered and justify why they were not as suitable Refer to appropriate theory and reference. 4 Market entry strategy Propose your market entry strategy which must make sense with the research and analysis from section 2, the attitude towards risk of the company, and your rationale for the entry strategy.Do not just describe the entry strategy – you must justify what you propose. 5 Outline marketing mix strategy – these are your recommendations for the marketi ng mix with justification. You must use appropriate theory and references throughout. You should include here the brand values, positioning, segments and targets for the country you are choosing to enter and provide a justification based on theory and research. For each strategy make sure you mention whether this is a global position whether it has been standardise or adapted.Refer to appropriate theory throughout. You may use examples to illustrate your points but we do not expect a full tactical marketing mix outline i. e. messages. Product strategy – in relation to other parts of the world, product decisions e. g. full product range/limited and why. You might refer to the PLC, competitive advantage, brand position, values etc. Pricing strategy – strategy not tactical pricing/actual price for the product/service. Distribution strategy Promotions strategy – which media do you propose and why?Is it standardised or adapted? You do not need to develop advertising materials or messages. Budget not required. People – is there a service element to your product/service? Process Physical evidence You may use sub headings, diagrams, tables, graphs, as appropriate. You do not need to produce an executive summary. You do need a contents page, page numbers, section headings and reference list. Mistakes from last year 1 Reports were unbalanced – so much time spent on the first questions that the subsequent sections suffered. Missing references throughout the report and use of non credible sources. 3 Lack of International marketing theory. Too much use of very basic marketing theory and textbooks. You must use and International marketing text and appropriate reading. 4 Descriptive PESTLs with no analysis and not used throughout the report. Your research is to be used to justify your decisions. 5 Marketing mix were lists of suggestions with no justification. They must be linked to the PESTL analysis, research and theory and justified. Jacq ueline Lynch February 2013