Good Earth Olan Essay -- Essays Papers

Good Earth Olan Throughout The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck, O-lan showed herself as a very humble woman. O-lan was a slave in the House of Hwang before her marriage was arranged by the Old Mistress of the House of Hwang. O-lan was faithful throughout the book to Wang Lung through harvest, famine, and even when Wang Lung brought home another woman. O-lan was a hard worker and worked even when no one told her to. She had wisdom that only a slave and a hardworking woman could acquire. Pearl S. Buck reveals many things that all show O-lan to be the humble woman she was. O-lan's physical appearance showed her as a very modest woman. When Wang Lung sees her, he stares at O-lan seeing that, "plain though her face was and rough the skin upon her hands the flesh of her big body was soft and untouched . . . her body was beautiful, spare, and big boned yet rounded and soft" (26). From her physical qualities, it is clear that O-lan isn't a spoiled woman who sits around all day, but a hard worker. She is described as an ugly, flat-footed, stolid-faced woman. Many times, Wang Lung secretly wishes that O-lan didn't have such big feet. During the time of this book, women's feet were bound so they would be smaller. O-lan had big feet because they were never bound. This was another aspect of Chinese life that seemed designed to make women suffer was the practice of altering the feet of girls so they could barely walk. The Chinese custom of foot binding was meant to please men esthetically and to enhance a man's status by showing he was wealthy enough for his wife or concubine not to work. O-lan said many significant things that showed her to be the modest woman she was. She was a very quiet woman. Though she spoke very few words, they meant so much. In the first part of the book, when the Ancient One asked O-lan if she was ready to head into the world with this stranger, answering in her "not loud, not soft, plain, and not ill-tempered" voice, she says, "ready" (17). Many times, O-lan is fearful of speaking. When it is the first time taking hot water to the old man, she tells Wang Lung fearfully, "'I took no tea to the Old One-I did as you said-but to you I . . .'" (27). O-lan listens well to Wang Lung, but fears that she is not doing her jobs correctly. O-lan's timidity when she first gets married is only natural for her situation. At the b... ...d" (36). Other characters in the novel said things about O-lan that showed her to be the modest woman she was. When Wang Lung was talking to his father, he said a lot shouldn't be expected of O-lan's appearance. He said, "We are farmers. Moreover, who has heard of a pretty slave who was a virgin in a wealthy house? All the young lords have had their fill of her." (18) O-lan was obviously a very bold and important woman in this novel yet never knew it. She would do what she was raised to do and try her best to make her husband happy. Through all her marriage, she helped Wang Lung to be one of the wealthiest men in his city. While O-lan endured many difficulties, she continued with her duties as wife through thick and thin. Whether it was her begging on the streets for food and money, or putting up with Lotus, her husband's concubine, O-lan remained a strong woman with good qualities until the day she died. While she usually had little to say, O-lan's impact on the Lung family is one that wont be forgotton. She accomplished all of her goals in life and fulfilled her marital duty in making Wang Lung very happy. Even after all this, O-lan still was a very modest woman.

What is an expert? Essay -- essays research papers

Currently the most prevalent is that an expert is a person who has some skill or knowledge in some domain that is matched by only a few other people. These people are thus extraordinary in some way. Anders Ericsson, probably the best known of the researchers on expertise defines expertise as Relatively stable outstanding performance.Experts are often labeled as such. People called exceptional, superior, gifted, talented, specialist, expert, etc. tend to belong to the set of experts. There is no doubt that there are large differences in the quality of performance of different people on different tasks or in different domains. We can think of this difference as a scale of expertise. Novices are those who do not perform very well, and we can move through different levels of expertise until we find some individuals that we might say are skilled or knowledgeable beyond that of almost everyone else in the world, or world class. What is the nature of this dimension? What are the categories within which this level of expertise motif applies? Becoming an expert in any domain requires experience and effort. Don Norman introduced the notion that an someone requires 10,000 hours of experience and practice for reasonably complex domains to have the possibility of being an expert. Most people seem to agree with that assessment. In order for someone to become an expert in physics, music, chess, psychology, mathematics, baseball, etc. takes many hours, even years, of hard work and practice. ***Keith Ericsson in viewing the development of expertise argued that the most important factor, perhaps even necessary and sufficient for developing expertise is deliberative practice. Deliberative practice has four properties: (1) it is at an appropriate level of difficulty, (2) the participant receives informative feedback, (3) the participant has many opportunities for repetition, and (4) the participant has th opportunity to correct for errors (from Ericsson (1996; found in Sternberg & Ben-Zeev (2001). If we focus on the process of becoming an expert rather than the claim that only a few become expert, we may come to a position I first heard from Micki Chi. Children are universal novices. They have not developed very many of the component skills needed for any domain. Decalage is the order of the day; many of the skills needed are relatively domain specific. The topics in t... ...wa workshops; Miss America candidates from Texas; Prodigies of all sorts. Winton Marsalis view on becoming an expert: commitment, listening, training, practice, confidence, independence. Component skills and knowledges. Must borrow many of them, learn to apply them in the right places, and integrate them to the new task. Some knowledge and skill must be learned from scratch. Many skills need to be developed more highly. It is possible that all of the component skills can be decomposed into simple enough parts that they are known a priori; however, expertise still requires integrating and restructuring them into usable schemata. What is the state of novice performance? Inchoate states, random trial and error, frustration, backward chaining, small units, surface form, separate nonintegrated components, bottom-up Expert performance--focused, much forward chaining, top-down, coherent and integrated, abstract organization, large units, proceduralization, integrated sequences, skillful, selective. Ericsson, K. A. (1996). The road to excellence. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Sternberg, R. J. & Ben-Zeev, T. (2001) Complex Cognition: The psychology of human thought. New York: Oxford.

Childrens Comprehension of Television Messages Essay -- Children Tele

Children's Comprehension of Television Messages The literature surveyed so far regarding children's attention to television has relied on observation of visual attention by the child viewers. Measures of visual attention alone do not provide an indication of what aspects of the message children are extracting from the television screen. In order to acquire indications of this, researchers have relied on post-viewing measures of children's recognition and recall of information from the program. This research will be considered in this section on children's understanding of television messages. Here the concern is not with what children are looking at and listening to, but what they remember from the TV and what meaning the TV content has for them. Much of the research which has adopted a cognitive developmental perspective on studies of children and television has examined children's comprehension of television messages. The underlying assumption of these studies is that children bring different cognitive abilities and social experiences to the TV-viewing situation and that these influence how children made sense of the messages. Younger children with more limited inference-making ability are more likely to focus on the consequences of actions rather than the motivations of the actors, and often are shown to construe the television plot line quite differently from children and adults. The way in which children construe meaning from television cannot be directly inferred from cognitive development theory. Cognitive development theory may aid us in describing how children make sense of television, but we should examine children's understanding of television directly. How, then, has cognitive development the... ...hat appropriate learning materials will be developed to teach children about the medium of television, both its programming and advertising content. Such materials should help children overcome their misunderstandings of television messages. By improving the skills children bring to the viewing situation we may be able to moderate the impact television has on the child. NOTES The argument advanced here does not mean to imply, however, that children are as active when watching television as they are when engaged in athletics or doing other sorts of activities. Activity here is relative. Multidimensional scaling is a statistical technique that looks at how subject's ratings of a variety of variables group together; that is, it seeks to determine underlying dimensions which describe the relationship among a set of variables for a given group of subjects.

Book review: Drew Magary’s PostMortal Essay

The Postmortal starts with whispers that an anti-aging cure has been discovered. This is similar to the human capacity enhancement proposal speculated in chapter 3 of Dickenson’s bioethics. Also, we see similar proposal play out in the chapters of More and Vita-More’s Transhumanist Reader, where technology is speculated to be used to stop aging process, enhance human intelligent, capability and agility. More even goes a step further to propose ‘the Posthumanist’ – overcoming the limitations that describe the less desirable aspects of human condition – a life devoid of disease, aging and death. However, the Postmortal cure does not prevent someone from getting sick, diseases or even dying from accident, rather it merely stops the body from ageing. That means a 27 year old that gets the treatment will have the same body and physical appearance and fitness until the day they die. The United States government instantly prohibits it for three decad es, providing them an ample opportunity to research it and comprehend the effects better. At this time, pro-cure and pro-death protesters were fighting more and more aggressively for and against the cure respectively. Just like the religious right fought against the stem cell research in chapter 6 of Dickenson’s bioethics in 2001, the religious devotees’ fight against the anti-aging cure and the Vatican issues a condemnation against it. Underground treatments known as black market cure were being perpetuated. Eventually John Farrell, the narrator got the cure at one of these underground markets. Within two weeks or there about, he convinced his friend to get the treatment and thereafter encountered a couple of tragic events associated with a mysterious woman that influenced his emotions throughout the story. Finally, the cure was legalized. The novel includes how things regarding love, marriage, and the law and government changes overtime. Marriage became endangered because the fundamental premise of marriage â€Å"till death do us part† has been considerably altered. John’s law firm devised a new form of marriage called ‘cyclical marriage,’ – a 40-year term marriage which involves an obligation to live together as husband and wife for 40 years, with an option to  separate (with evenly split assets) or to renew the marriage for another 40 years at the end of the contract. The cure nearly brought marriage to a halt and love undermined as most people believe there is a greater chance of separation for a new lover. Mr. Farrell prefers not getting married to his lover who is pregnant with his baby but only choses to take care of the child. As things change around the world, he continues to document his life experiences. A new form of worship is discovered whereby man is seen as the god of his own and ruler of the earth. A lot of people become outlaws and selfish; others become religious enthusiasts; while some others chose to refrain from getting the cure. Throughout the course of the book, the government gradually loses control over her citizens. Different laws are passed to expand death penalty to include giving â€Å"lee-way† to people who wish to die in a legal way without the need of committing suicide but which is of course morally wrong. The other detailed problems consist of jails, how to provide housing to people and basic necessities, as well as how to deal with countries that have become military powerhouses. Similar moral violation was seen in bioethics where executed Chinese prisoners’ kidneys are harvested for sale to wealthy westerners; the Tuskegee and Guatemala experiments by the US Public Health in chapter 7; and the surrogate motherhood and egg selling in chapter 2. All these practices, in one way or the other violate morality at the very least.  As the story continues to unfold in the book, Mr. Ferrell falls in love again which also results in another tragic incident. Over and over again he tries to find joy but has his hopes dashed, signifying the fact that the ‘cure’ for ageing is not really a great thing in many ways. As the United States becomes unsafe, Russia and third-world nations assume control of surrounding nations and Chinese starts acquiring nuclear weapons to get rid of certain populations. Pregnant woman are punished because people hate the idea of conception and child birth. A war over Antarctica begins and chaos sets in. Meanwhile in totalitarian societies like China and Russia, the government takes undue advantage of the looming prospect of an exploding and forever  young world population in the face of diminishing resources. Russia forms a strong and formidable army with eternally young soldiers; China cuts herself off from the rest of the world, while the United States plummets into widespread class warfare while terrorism is on the high side as people kill at will. It’s baffling how much of these are conceivable. At the end of the story, nuclear weapons are dropped on the coast of California where Mr. Farrell tries to elude the attack with his lover. But unfortunately the man is stabbed as they try to make their way to a safer ground. The injury is so severe that he bleeds so immensely and regrettably the end is here for him. Meanwhile as he gradually makes an inroad to a new world, he releases that there is no such thing as immortality. However, his lover is expected to survive. Nicholas Agar in his book, Humanity’s End, objected similar enhancement proposal. From my understanding of the chapters, many of his objections are based on the premise that, for any action whose outcome is uncertain and perhaps bad, we ought to presume that the worst could happen, and work to address all conceivable exigencies before proceeding further. Thus, going by the fantasy (the story), we have seen how a cure that is rather an everlasting treasure in the hearts of many has turned out to be the greatest nightmare of all time to the society. Perhaps, if the world had applied due diligence (as noted in Agar’s book) before legalizing such cure, these problems could have been avoided. The book is an awesome read because it raises one’s curiosity as you go further. You are eager to know what happens next and how things will unfold. It is a story that could very well happen. Most of the events in the book are also plausible reactions that the world could very well experience. The first two parts of the book are intriguing as the world goes through a dramatic change with the recognition of the cure, and I admired the tension that arose between pro-death and pro-cure groups. Again, similar religious protest was seen in Chapter 3 of Dickenson’s bioethics where religious movements fought against stem cell research and funding to a halt. Although the ban on its funding was later rescinded by President Obama, but the issue  is still contested in courts. However, one minor issue that I hope to point out is: for a story that started out in 2019 and runs through 2079, technology did not advance that much. Apart from a few inventions like plug-in cars mentioned in the book and which even has same level of sophistication as today’s plug-ins (charging duration of 48 hours), technological innovation seems to be frozen for several decades. One would expect that the significant population explosion expressed in the book would be accompanied by a robust ‘capacity building’ and technological development that is aimed at addressing the problems of a few extra billion population of people around the world, rather technology seems stagnant in this book.

China and Western Religious Beliefs Essay

In the early human social, Religious includes world explanation, judicial, moral cultivation and mental comfort, and other functions. In modern society, science and judicial have separated from some religious, but the moral training and mental comfort function will continue to exist. Religion’s belief systems and social groups are an important part of human thought culture and social form. 1.1 The History of Christianity The History of Christianity is the study of the religion started by a Jewish prophet from Nazareth named Jesus. Christianity would grow into one of the world’s major religions, impacting all other religions and changing the course of human history. Christian history mainly concerns the Christian religion and Church, up to contemporary times and denominations. Christianity differs most significantly from the other Abrahamic religions in its claim that Jesus Christ is God the Son. The vast majority of Christians believe in a triune God consisting of three unified and distinct persons: Father, Son and the Holy Spirit. Throughout its history, the religion has weathered schisms and theological disputes that have resulted in many distinct churches. The largest branches of Christianity are the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Protestant Churches. Christianity began spreading initially from Jerusalem, and then throughout the Near East, ultimately becoming the state religion of Armenia in 301 , of Ethiopia in 325,of Georgia in 337, and then the State church of the Roman Empire in 380. Becoming common to all of Europe in the Middle Ages, it expanded throughout the world during Europe’s Age of Exploration. Christianity has thus become the world’s largest religion. 1.2 The History of china religious Confucianism, also known as Confucianism, the Confucian doctrine, otherwise known as Confucianism, but does not refer to religion. Confucius as the master of Confucianism, so there is called Confucianis. Confucian classics formed in times of Confucius, but in different age the interpretation of Confucian classics are very different, so it is difficult get a comprehensive define to the Confucian. Essence of Confucianism can be said of social ethics and social management, ethics, or religious interpretation, but not the religion. Ming and Qing dynasties look the Neo-Confucianism that formed in Song Dynasty as official theory so the Neo-Confucianism has spread as mainstream of Confucianism. Comparison between Chinese and English religious beliefs 2.1 The Similarities They have the same background, the Christian was created When the Jews were ruled by The Roman Empire, Jews look forward to a person just like the farseer said who can take them moving towards freedom. While China, Confucianism and Taoism are created when the people were suffering in pain during the Warring States period, 2.2 The Differences 1. Separation of Man and God in Western religions and unity of that in China original sin is the foundation of Christian theory and practice . Because human ancestors, Adam and eva had sinned, corrupt moral invaded their body, and Transmitted to their descendants, the result is men are guilty, all mankind have sin. because of this people are bound to die, and will were punished in all their life. We can see from the original sin all things of Christianity are classified into two worlds: the human world and God’s world. Person’s world is a world separated from God, and human’s world depends on God’s world, so everything is the communication between the two worlds and its results. Obviously, Christianity preached that man and God, the separation of man and nature. While Chinese religion would emphasize that the harmony between man and nature, issues of life within a confined themselves, to solve problems with people- oriented. 2. Monotheism of western religions and pluralism of China religions Christianity is a strictly monotheistic, think that there only have one master of the universe that is God. According to predetermined level of order and purpose God arrange things of the universe. God as God, but also the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Starting this belief, the Christian establish a complete doctrine including Doctrine of God, creationism, human nature, original sin of Christ on, Salvation. Understanding the knowledge and stories of â€Å"Bible† is a very important part of the western cultural training. Therefore after the formation of Christianity it gradually established a fixed, unified values ​​and outlook on life. Those are met with the religious teaching, whether the regulation or the modern thoughts can not be divorced from the relationship with this religious. In practice, Christianity also starting from system to establish unified church organization such as church in urban and rural areas for christians to pray. China’s religious has given people great freedom, so that people can hold religious sentiment in their hearts. Therefore, the God most Chinese people worship is not uniform. Most Chinese people do not belong to a religious organization, however, are more or less exist a unified spirit from Confucianism Buddhism and Taoism. The religious traditions in China, Confucianism has constituted the soul of Chinese culture in the long course of historical development. Many thinkers and politicians in China are based on the Confucian sense of responsibility to pursue truth, to maintain the orthodox and the implementation of reforms. On the other hand, in addition to Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, the Chinese folk religion and worship of God is also very much prosperity and universal, various gods are the object that believers worship incense. the strong contrast between the conceptual life and practical life resulted in the loss of religious values ​​and alienation in China, and also led to the emergence and spread of a variety of primitive superstitious beliefs and event. It caused abnormal development of the spiritual life, so that a heavy burden put on the reality of Chinese culture, many people have a spiritual emptiness

Electromechanical Energy Conversion

Introduction Chapter 3 Electromechanical Energy Conversion Topics to cover: 1. Introduction 3. Force and Torque 5. Friction 2. Electro-Motive Force (EMF) 4. Doubly-Excited Actuators 6. Mechanical Components Introduction (Cont. ) For energy conversion between electrical and mechanical forms, electromechanical devices are developed. In general, electromechanical energy conversion devices can be divided into three categories: – Transducers (for measurement and control), which transform signals of different forms. Examples are microphones, pickups, and speakers Force producing devices (linear motion devices), which produce forces mostly for linear motion drives, such as relays, solenoids (linear actuators), and electromagnets. – Continuous energy conversion equipment, which operate in rotating mode. A device would be known as a generator if it convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, or as a motor if it does the other way around (from electrical to mechanical). Lor entz Force & EMF Lorentz force is the force on a point charge due to electromagnetic fields. It is given by the following equation in terms of the electric and magnetic fieldsF ? q(E? v? B) The induced emf in a conductor of length l moving with a speed v in a uniform magnetic field of flux density B can be determined by a e ? ?v? B? ? dl ? b In a coil of N turns, the induced emf can be calculated by e ? ? Concept map of electromechanical system modeling d? dt where ? is the flux linkage of the coil and the minus sign indicates that the induced current opposes the variation of the field. It makes no difference whether the variation of the flux linkage is a result of the field variation or coil movement. EMF EMF – Example: EMF in a Linear Actuator – Example SolutionSketch L(x) and calculate the induced emf in the excitation coil for a linear actuator shown below. Assuming infinite permeability for the magnetic core and ignore the fringing effect, we can express the self inductance of the coil as L? x ? ? where Rg ? x? ? N2 ?o N 2 l ?d ? x? ? Rg ? x ? 2g L(x) L(0) 2g ?o ? d ? x? l O is the air gap reluctance. ? e? ? N 2l d? d ? Li ? di dL dx di ? ? L ? i =L? x ? ? i o v 2g dt dt dt dx dt dt EMF – A Single Conductor in a Uniform Field e ? ? I dc If i=Imsin? t , e? Force and Torque – Example Solution (Cont. ) If i=Idc , ?o N 2 l 2g ? Im ? Im ?o N 2l 2gFor a single conductor in a uniform magnetic field, we have v ? d ? x I m cos ? t ? vI m sin ? t ?o N l 2 2g ?o N 2 l 2g d Fm ? Il ? B ?o N 2 l In a rotating system, the torque about an axis can be calculated by 2g d ? x cos? t ? v sin ? t ? ? T? r ? Fm v ? ? ? ? d ? x ? ? ? ? d ? x ? 2 ? 2 ? v 2 cos t ? arctan? ? where r is the radius vector from the axis towards the conductor. B Fm l I X Force and Torque – A Singly Excited Actuator Consider a singly excited linear actuator. After a time interval dt, we notice that the plunger has moved for a distance dx under the action of the force F.The mechanical work done by the force acting on the plunger during this time interval is thus dWm ? Fdx Force and Torque – A Singly Excited Actuator The amount of electrical energy that has been transferred into the magnetic field and converted into the mechanical work during dt is dWe ? dWf ? dWm ; dWe ? eidt ? vidt? Ri2dt e ? d? dt ? v ? Ri Because dWf ? dW ? dW ? eidt ? Fdx ? id? ? Fdx e m we obtain From the total differential dW f ? ? , x ? ? ? W f , x ? i? Therefore, ? W f , x ? d? ? and ? W f , x ? ?x F dx ?W f ? ? , x ? ?x Force and Torque Force and Torque – A Singly Excited Actuator (Cont. ) A Singly Excited Actuator (Cont. ) From the knowledge of electromagnetics, the energy stored in a magnetic field can be expressed as ? Wf ? ? , x? ? ? i? ? , x? d? In the diagram below, it is shown that the magnetic energy is equivalent to the area above the magnetization or ? -i curve. Mathematically, if we define the area underneath the magnetization curve a s the coenergy (which does not exist physically), i. e. 0 For a magnetically linear (with a constant permeability or a straight line magnetization curve such that the inductance of the coil is independent of the excitation current) system, the above expression becomes 1 ? Wf ? ?, x? ? 2 L? x? and the force acting on the plunger is then F ?Wf ? ?, x? ?x 1 ? ? ? dL? x? 1 2 dL? x? ?i 2 ? L? x? ? dx 2 dx ? 2 we can obtain Wf ‘ ? i, x? ? i? ?Wf , x? ? Wf (? , x ) dW f ‘ ? i , x ? ? ? di ? id? ? dW f ? ? , x ? ? ? di ? Fdx Therefore, ? ?W f ‘ ? i , x ? ?i ? W f ‘ ? i , x ? ?i di ? and ?W f ‘ ? i , x ? ?x F? dx ? W f ‘ ? i , x ? ?x (? , i ) Wf ‘ ( i, x ) O i Force and Torque Force and Torque – A Singly Excited Actuator (Cont. ) – Example 1 Calculate the force acting on the plunger of a linear actuator as shown below. From the definition, the coenergy can be calculated by iWf ‘ ? i , x? ? ? ? ? i , x? di ? 0 Wf ‘ ? i, x? ? ? (? , i ) Wf (? , x ) For a magnetically linear system, the above expression becomes Rg 1 L? x? i 2 2 Ni Wf ‘ ( i, x ) Rg and the force acting on the plunger is then F? ?Wf ‘ ? i , x ? ?x 1 dL? x ? ? i2 dx 2 O i (c) Force and Torque Force and Torque – Singly Excited Rotating Actuator – Solution to Example 1 Assume infinite permeability for the actuator core. The self inductance of the excitation winding can be readily obtained as L? x? ? N 2 ? o N 2l? d ? x? ? 2Rg 2g Therefore, the force acting on the plunger is F? ? Rg Ni ?l 1 2 dL ? x ? 2 i ? ? o ? Ni ? 2 dx 4gThe minus sign of the force indicates that the direction of the force is to reduce the displacement so as to reduce the reluctance of the air gaps. Since this force is caused by the variation of magnetic reluctance of the magnetic circuit, it is known as the reluctance force. Rg The singly excited linear actuator becomes a singly excited rotating actuator if the linearly movable plunger is repla ced by a rotor. Through a derivation similar to that for a singly excited linear actuator, one can readily obtain that the torque acting on the rotor can be expressed as the negative partial derivative of the energy stored in the agnetic field against the angular displacement or as the positive partial derivative of the coenergy against the angular displacement. Force and Torque Solution b) Voltage induced – Example †¢ The magnetically-linear electro-mechanical circuit breaker as shown is singly-excited via a N-turn coil. Its magnetic reluctance varies with the angle ? as R ? Rm? ? R0 , where Rm and R0 are constant. †¢ Derive the torque developed by the field from the system co-energy. †¢ When the device is excited with a direct current i=I, the angular displacement increases quadratically as ? ?t ? ? 1 ? t 2 ? ?t ? ? 0 , 2 where ? ? and ? 0 are constant. Find the voltage induced in the coil . Singly Excited Rotating Actuator Total turns, N = N1 + N2 Frame relu ctance Rf ? rf 2 Gap reluctance Rg ? 2rg ? ? lf 2? 0 ? r wd 2lg ?0rd (2? ? ? ) , 2? ? 760 ? 1. 33 rad Rg(? ) Rcore ?g Rarmature Fm=Ni e(t ) ? ? N 2 IRm (? t ? ? ) [ R0 ? Rm 1 ? t 2 ? ?t ? ? 0 ]2 2 ? Singly Excited Rotating Actuator ? Singly Excited Rotating Actuator airgap length, lg = 0. 001 m airgap radius, r = 0. 0745 m airgap depth, d = 0. 0255 m frame length lf = 0. 496 m limb width w = 0. 024 m Singly Excited Rotating Actuator ? (? ) ? T? ? NI R f ? Rg (? ) lf Rf ? 2 ? ? r wd Magnetic flux at equilibrium : ? NI ?0 ? ? ? R (? ) ? R f ?g ? ? ?0 NI lf 2 ? 0 ? r wd ? lg ?0rd? ? , Rg ? 2l g ?W f? ? ? ? N2 ? ?, ? R (? ) ? R ? f? ?g dRg dRg 2l g sign(? ) , where ? d? d? ?0 rd (2? ? ? )2 1 2 ? L(? ) 1 2 ? I ?I 2 2 122 ?1 IN 2 ?Rg (? ) ? R f ? 2 2l Rr sign(? ) 1 ? ? I 2N 2 , where Rr ? g 2 2 ?0 rd 4 ?Rg (? ) ? R f ? (2? ? ? ) ?0 rd (2? ? ? ) Restoring Torque ?1, x ? 0 sign ( x ) ? ? 1, x ? 0 NI? 0d lf l ?g 2 ? r w r? Force and Torque Singly Excited Rotating Actuator – Sing ly Excited Rotating Actuator (Cont. ) Torque Nm Flux mWb Flux, Torque for 2-pole motorEnergy In g eneral, 1. 5 Coenergy dW f ? id? ? Td ? dW f ‘ ? ? di ? Td ? ? i W f ? ? , ? ? ? ? i ? ? , ? ?d ? W f ‘ ? i , ? ? ? ? ? ?i , ? ?di ?W f ? ? , ? ? i? ?W f ? ? , ? ? T ?W f ‘ ? i , ? ? ?i ?W f ‘ ? i , ? ? T? 0 1. 0 mWb, Nm 0. 5 0 If the permeability is a constant, W f , ? ? ? 0. 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 rotor angle 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 1 ? 2 2 L ? 1 ? ? ? dL ? 1 2 dL ? ?i 2 ? L ? ? d ? 2 d? ? ? W f ‘ ? i , ? ? ? 2 T? T? 12 i L ? 2 1 2 dL ? i 2 d? Force and Torque Force and Torque – Doubly Excited Rotating Actuator – Doubly Excited Rotating Actuator (Cont. If a second winding is placed on the rotor, the singly excited actuator becomes a doubly excited actuator. The general principle for force and torque calculation discussed here is equally applicable to multi-excited systems. The differential energy and coenergy functions can be derived as dW f ? dWe ? dWm where dWe ? e1i1dt ? e2 i2 dt , e1 ? d? 1 dt , e2 ? d ? 2 dt , and dWm ? Td ? Hence, dW f 1 , ? 2 , ? ? ? i1d ? 1 ? i2 d ? 2 ? Td ? ? and ? W f 1 , ? 2 , ? ? ? W f 1 , ? 2 , ? ? ? W f 1 , ? 2 , ? ? d ? 1 ? d ? 2 ? d? 1 2 ? ? dW f ‘ ? i1 , i 2 , ? ? ? d i1 ? 1 ? i 2 ? 2 ? W f ? 1 , ? 2 , ? ? ? ?1 di1 ? ?2 di 2 ? T d ? ? ? W f ‘ ? i1 , i 2 , ? ? Therefore, T ? i1 di1 ? ? W f ‘ ? i1 , i 2 , ? ? ?Wf 1 , ? 2 , ? ? ? i2 or di 2 ? T? ? W f ‘ ? i1 , i 2 , ? ? Force and Torque – Doubly Excited Rotating Actuator (Cont. ) – Example 3 ? ? L? 1 For magnetically linear systems, ? ? 1 ? ? L11 ? ? ? L ? 2? ? 21 L 1 2 ? ? i1 ? L 22 ? ?i2 ? ? ? i1 ? ? ? 11 ?i ? ? ? ? ? 2? ? 21 or ? 1 2 ? ? ? 1 ? ? 22 ? ? ? 2 ? ? The magnetic energy and coenergy can then be expressed as W f ? ?1 , ? 2 , ? ? ? Therefore, d? ? W f ‘ ? i1 , i2 , ? ? Force and Torque and 1 1 2 ? 1 1 ? 12 ? 2 2 ? 2 ? ? 1 2 ? 1 ? 2 2 2 W f ‘ ? i 1 , i 2 , ? 1 1 L 1 1 i 12 ? L i 2 ? L 1 2 i1i 2 2 2 22 2 ? W f ‘ ? i 1 , i 2 , ? ? 1 2 d L 1 1 ? 1 2 d L 2 2 ? d L 1 2 ? ? i1 ? i2 ? i1i 2 2 2 T ?W f 1 , ? 2 , ? ? ? A magnetically-linear doubly-fed electromechanical actuator has two windings and a mechanical output with spatial rotary displacement ?. The self and mutual inductances of the windings are respectively L11 ? ? 5 ? cos(2? ) mH, L22 ? ? 50 ? 10 cos(2? ) mH, and L12 ? ? L21 ? ? 100 cos? mH. Brushless doubly-fed machine The first winding is supplied with i1 = 1. A while the second winding draws i2 = 20 mA. Determine: a) The general electromagnetic torque of the actuator as a function of ? . b) The maximum torque that the actuator can develop. Solution to Example 3 (a) Solution to Example 3 (cont. ) The  energy  stored  at  the  doubly? fed  actuator  is, 1 1 2 2 W f ? L11i1 ? L12 i1i2 ? L22 i2 2 2 1 1 ?3 2 ?3 2 ? (5 ? cos 2? ) ? 10 i1 ? (0. 1cos? )i1i2 ? (50 ? 10 cos 2? ) ? 10 i2 2 2 The  ex pression  of  electromagnetic  torque  is  obtained  as  follows:   ? ?W f (i1 , i2 ,? ) T ? i1 ? 1. 5, i2 ? 0. 02 ? 2 2 1 ? (i1 L11 ) ? (i1i2 L12 ) 1 ? (i2 L22 ) ? ? ? 2 2 1 1 (1. 5) 2 ( ? 2 sin 2? ) ? 10 ? 3 ? (1. 5)(0. 02)(? 0. 1sin ? ) ? (0. 02) 2 ( ? 20 sin 2? ) ? 10 ? 3 2 2 ?3 ? ? ( 2. 25 sin 2? ? 3 sin ? ) ? 10 Why Magnetic Field? Ratio of Electric and Magnetic Energy Densities in the air gap we ? 0 ? 0 E 2 1 ? ? wm B2 3. 6 ? 10 5 †¢ Saturation Flux Density Bs = 2T in commonlyused magnetic materials †¢ Air breakdown voltage Ebd=1,000,000 V/m b) At  maximum  torque, dT ?0 d? Differentiating  T  from  part  (a), 4. 5 cos 2? ? 3 cos ? ? 0 ? 1. 5 cos 2? ? cos ? ? 0 or               1. 5( 2 cos 2 ? ? 1) ? cos? ? 0 Solving  for  ? by  the  quadratic  formula, ?  =  55. 94 °Ã‚  and  153. 25 °Ã‚  (extraneous)Substituting  the  value  of  ? into  the  torque  expression  yields, T(max) ? ?(2. 25 s in 2(55. 94) ? 3 sin(55. 94)) ? 10 ? 3 ? ?4. 57 ? 10 ? 3 Nm Electric Machines †¢ Electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical motion. †¢ The reverse task, that of converting mechanical motion into electrical energy, is accomplished by a generator or dynamo. †¢ In many cases the two devices differ only in their application and minor construction details, and some applications use a single device to fill both roles. For example, traction motors used on locomotive often perform both tasks if the locomotive is equipped with ynamic brakes. Introduction Electric Motors Electric Machine Insulation Class DC Motors Universal (DC/AC) AC Motors †¢ Induction †¢ Synchronous Stepping Motors Brushless DC Motors Coreless DC Motors Linear Motors MEMS Nano Motors †¢ A critical factor in the reduced life of electrical equipment is heat. The type of insulation used in a motor depends on the operating temperature that the motor will experience. †¢ Average insulation life decreases rapidly with increases in motor internal operating temperatures. †¢ Electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical motion: Lorentz force on any wire when it is onducting electricity while contained within a magnetic field †¢ Rotor: rotating part †¢ Stator: stationary part †¢ Armature: part of the motor across which the voltage is supplied MaglevMagnetic Levitation Three phase AC induction motors rated 1 Hp (750 W) and 25 W with small motors from CD player, toy and CD/DVD drive reader head traverse DC Generators / Dynamos AC Generators / Alternators As the first electrical generator capable of delivering power for industry, the dynamo uses electromagnetic principles to convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through the use of a commutator.Without a commutator, the dynamo is an example of an alternator, which is a synchronous singly-fed generator. With an electromechanical commutator, the dynamo is a classical direct current (DC) generator. The DC generator can operate at any speed within mechanical limits but always outputs a direct current waveform. Mechanical energy is used to rotate the coil (N turns, area A) at uniform angular velocity ? in the magnetic field B, it will produce a sinusoidal emf in the coil: Permanent Magnet DC Generators d? d ? ? ( NBA cos ? ) dt dt ? NBA? sin ? t e(t ) ? ? http://micro. magnet. fsu. edu/electromag/java/generator/dc. tml Automotive alternator Rotor emf and current are induced by rotating magnetic field http://micro. magnet. fsu. edu/electromag/java/generator/ac. html Mechanical Components Mechanical Components – Mass and Inertia The mechanical component which stores kinetic energy is a mass in a translational system, and a moment of inertia in a rotational system. – Mass and Inertia (Cont. ) The kinetic energy stored by a mass moving at a velocity v, or a moment of inertia rotating at an angular speed ?. can be calculated by ? x M T F J Wk ? 1 Mv2 2 d? d 2? T? J 2 ? J dt dt dv d 2x F? M ?M dt 2 dt 1 J? 2 2 (translational system) rotational system) Comparing with the relationships of voltage, current, and magnetic energy in an inductor: V? L By the Newton’s second law, we have Wk ? or di dt and WL ? 1 Li2 2 we may regard a mass or a moment of inertia as an inductor which stores magnetic energy, if we let J? L M? L or Mechanical Components Mechanical Components – Springs An ideal spring is a device with negligible mass and mechanical losses, whose deformation is a single-valued function of the applied force or torque. A linear ideal spring has deformation proportional to force or ? 1 torque. – Springs (Cont. ) For a given distortion of x and ? the potential energy stored in a spring is 1 1 W p ? ? Td ? ? K ? 2 W p ? ? Fdx ? Kx 2 T x1 F ? K ? x 1 ? x o ? ? Kx (linear spring) (torsional spring) Comparing with the relationships of electric charge, voltage and electric energy in a capacito r: Q V? C F 2 2 WC ? and 1 1 Q2 VQ ? 2 2C we may regard a spring as an electric capacitor which stores electric potential energy, if we let T ? K 1 ? ?o ? ? K ? K? 1 C Friction Friction Modelling Friction: force that opposes the relative motion or tendency of such motion of two surfaces in contact. Friction between the two objects converts kinetic energy into heat.Coefficient of friction (Frictional coefficient): dimensionless scalar value which describes the ratio of the force of friction between two bodies and the force pressing them together, needs not be less than 1 – under good conditions, a tire on concrete may have a coefficient of friction of 1. 7. Static friction (stiction) occurs when the two objects are not moving relative to each other: Rolling friction occuring when one object â€Å"rolls† on another (like a car's wheels on the ground), is stiction as the patch of the tire in contact with the ground, at any point while the tire spins, is stationary relati ve to the ground.Kinetic (or dynamic) friction occurs when two objects are moving relative to each other and rub together: – Sliding friction is when two objects are rubbing against each other. – Fluid friction is the friction between a solid object as it moves through a liquid or a gas. The drag of air on an airplane or of water on a swimmer are two examples of fluid friction. Lu-Gre Model (1995): ? 0 , ? 1 bristles’ stiffness and damping coefficient ?2 viscous friction FC , F S Coulomb and Stribeck friction ? F f ? ? 0 z ? ? 1z ? ? 2v ? z? v? v z g (v ) 2 1 g (v ) ? [ FC ? ( F S ? FC ) e ? v / v S ) ] ?0 Mechanical Components Mechanical Components – Damper The mechanical damper is analogous to electrical resistor in that it dissipates energy as heat. An ideal damper is a device that exhibits no mass or spring effect and exerts a force that is a function of the relative velocity between its two parts. A linear ideal damper has a force proportional to the relative velocity. In all cases a damper produces a force that opposes the relative motion of the two parts. Mechanical friction occurs in a variety of situations under many different physical conditions.Sometimes friction is unwanted but must be tolerated and accounted for analytically, as, for example, in bearings, sliding electrical contacts, and the aerodynamic drag on a moving body. In other cases friction is desired and is designed into equipment. Examples are vibration dampers and shock absorbers. d ? x2 ? x1 ? dt dx ?B dt F? B ? B? R d 2 ? ?1 ? dt d? ?B dt T? B – Damper (Cont. ) Mechanical Components Mechanical Components – Damper (Cont. ) The damping due to Coulomb friction, as shown by the characteristic, can be regarded as a nonlinear resistor, which can keep the voltage across it to be constant.The Coulomb friction force can be expressed as – Damper (Cont. ) There is another kind of damping caused by the drag of a viscous fluid in turbulent flow. 2 F ? ? Bs d x2 ? x1 dt F ? ?d Fn ? ? d Fn d ? x2 ? x1 ? dt ? ? ? Bs dx dt d ? x2 ? x1 ? dt ? 2 ? R ? B s dx dt dx dt ? dx dt or T ? ? Bs d 2 ? ?1 ? dt Comparing with V=RI, we may conclude that ?F R? d n dx dt ? ? ? Bs d? dt ? ? 2 2 ? R ? B s d ? dt MR Dampers as a semi-active device MR Damper New Models Non-symmetrical Model (2007) ? F ( x) ? c0 x ? ko ( x ? x0 ) ? ?z ? ? ? z ? (? ? ( ? ? ? sign( zx) z ) x n : hysteresis variable, ? , ? , ? , ? , n, c0 , k0 : model parameters Bouc-Wen Model: ? F ( x ) ? c0 x ? k o ( x ? x0 ) ? ? z ? ? ? ? z ? ? ? z | x || z | n ? 1 ? ? x | z | n ? ? x z: hysteresis variable , ? , ? , ? , ? , n , c 0 , k 0 : model parameters Static Hysteresis Model (2006) ? F ( x) ? cx ? kx ? ?z ? f 0 ? z ? tanh( ? x ? sign( x)) z : hysteresis variable, ? , ? , f 0 , c, k : model parameters Minimally-Parameterised Model (2007) ? F : G ( x ) ? D ( x ), F ( x) ? ? 1 ? F2 : G ( x ) ? D ( x ), b G ( x) ? a ? ? 1 ? exp ( cx ) ? D ( x ) ? rexp{? ( x / 2? ) 2 } ? 0 x ? 0, x

Individual Report (50%)

You are required to prepare a report for management, recommending that the Company enter into a new overseas market (defined as a country or large region within it) and outline the main features of the marketing plan. The new market that you recommend is your choice but it must not be one where the Company is already present. The report should be 3000 words max and the hand in date is 13th March 2013 via Blackboard before 12 noon. Your recommendation needs to contain the following:1 Reasons for selection of new market for entry by the Company 2.Alternative markets which were candidates and reasons not selected 3 Proposed market entry strategy, including rationale 4 Outline of recommended marketing mix. Assessment criteria * Knowledge of theory underpinning internationalisation of marketing * Demonstration of the ability to develop appropriate solutions for differing market circumstances * Evaluation of options and justification of recommendations * Use of references, and professional standard of the report The critical points to remember are: 1 Answer all 4 questions and ensure that you answer the questions stated.All questions are equally important but do not necessarily use the same number of words. Do not spend so much time on one question to the detriment of another. Use common sense. 2 The questions are interrelated and you can refer to previous sections to improve the links so that the report flows well. 3 Your marketing mix must make sense with your proposals and with the other parts of the mix. E. g. it is nonsense to suggest that a brand which is positioned as say luxury and High end utilises an everyday low value pricing strategy. Try to be succinct and do not include great parts of research reports. These should be referred to and used to support your arguments. Remember answer the question using your research and analysis not the other way around.5 Use theory and research appropriately to support your justifications and recommendations. Suggested re port structure 1 Introduction – state the company, where they operate now the new country product range/brand and outline of the report. This is very important to set the scene of the report. Do not write the history of the company. Justification for country x Using your research and analysis propose reasons for your selection of the new market to enter. A competitive analysis should be evident. Refer to appropriate theory and reference. 3 Alternative market(s) rejected – suggest markets that were considered and justify why they were not as suitable Refer to appropriate theory and reference. 4 Market entry strategy Propose your market entry strategy which must make sense with the research and analysis from section 2, the attitude towards risk of the company, and your rationale for the entry strategy.Do not just describe the entry strategy – you must justify what you propose. 5 Outline marketing mix strategy – these are your recommendations for the marketi ng mix with justification. You must use appropriate theory and references throughout. You should include here the brand values, positioning, segments and targets for the country you are choosing to enter and provide a justification based on theory and research. For each strategy make sure you mention whether this is a global position whether it has been standardise or adapted.Refer to appropriate theory throughout. You may use examples to illustrate your points but we do not expect a full tactical marketing mix outline i. e. messages. Product strategy – in relation to other parts of the world, product decisions e. g. full product range/limited and why. You might refer to the PLC, competitive advantage, brand position, values etc. Pricing strategy – strategy not tactical pricing/actual price for the product/service. Distribution strategy Promotions strategy – which media do you propose and why?Is it standardised or adapted? You do not need to develop advertising materials or messages. Budget not required. People – is there a service element to your product/service? Process Physical evidence You may use sub headings, diagrams, tables, graphs, as appropriate. You do not need to produce an executive summary. You do need a contents page, page numbers, section headings and reference list. Mistakes from last year 1 Reports were unbalanced – so much time spent on the first questions that the subsequent sections suffered. Missing references throughout the report and use of non credible sources. 3 Lack of International marketing theory. Too much use of very basic marketing theory and textbooks. You must use and International marketing text and appropriate reading. 4 Descriptive PESTLs with no analysis and not used throughout the report. Your research is to be used to justify your decisions. 5 Marketing mix were lists of suggestions with no justification. They must be linked to the PESTL analysis, research and theory and justified. Jacq ueline Lynch February 2013